• Simulation on Localized Deformation Flow and Ignition Response of Cast Explosives under Spigot Loading

  SHENG Xing-yu, YANG Kun, LU Yi-ming, WU Yan-qing, DUAN Zhuo-ping, HUANG Feng-lei

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025244

  Abstract(69) HTML(122) PDF(5.39 M)( 257)

  Abstract:Aiming at the unclear issues of charge deformation and ignition mechanisms in the spigot safety evaluation tests of cast explosives， a viscoelastic-viscoplastic deformation and multi-hotspot competitive ignition model for cast PBXs was developed. This model considers multiple hotspot mechanisms， including microcrack friction， microvoid collapse， and localized viscous shear flow heating. Simulations of macro-mesoscopic rheological-ignition response under spigot were conducted， obtaining the pressure， shear flow， and ignition response characteristics of explosive charges under different drop heights， spigot lengths， and spigot shapes. The results indicate that the ignition response process of the charge under spigot is driven by both pressure and shear strain rate. When these two factors overlap at high levels， the resulting localized viscous shear flow becomes the dominant hotspot mechanism. For the same spigot diameter， a larger aspect-ratio spigot induces higher pressure and shear flow in the charge above the spigot， coupled with a longer spigot action time and higher impulse， leading to an easier ignition with a reduced critical ignition height. Compared to a flat-head spigot， an oval-head spigot significantly reduces the critical ignition height of the charge. These findings provide technical support for interpreting the ignition response and mesoscopic mechanisms of cast explosives under low-speed long-pulse penetrating mechanical stimulation， as well as for constructing safety evaluation and numerical characterization methods for projectile drop with foreign object penetration.

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• Energy Output Characteristics of Composite Gel Explosives containing Propellant

  LIU Xi-chen, WANG Yi-ming, LIU Da-bin

  Online:January 04, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025184

  Abstract(84) HTML(112) PDF(1.87 M)( 337)

  Abstract:To promote the resource utilization of retired HTPB propellants， composite gel explosives were prepared by compounding them with energetic gels： the tripropellant-containing composite explosive 1-PxDy?z， the quaternary propellant-containing composite explosive 2-PxDy?z that contains 9% RDX， the propellant-containing composite explosive 3-PxDy?z that contains 15% RDX， and the propellant-containing composite explosive 4-PxDy?z that contains 20% HMX. （x represents the content of propellant P， x=30%， 40%， 50%， y is particle size， y=5， 10， 15 mm； z denotes the charge size， z=40， 50， 65 mm）. Tests on detonation velocity， witness plate damage， and underwater explosion energy were conducted to investigate the energy characteristics of these composite gel explosives with varying propellant content， particle size， and charge diameter. The results indicate that an increase in the propellant content in 1-PxDy?z and 2-PxDy?z composite explosives reduces the detonation velocity and brisance of the composite explosives， whereas increasing the propellant content in 3-PxDy?z and 4-PxDy?z increases both detonation velocity and brisance. The decrease in propellant particle size from 1-PxDy?z to 4-PxDy?z contributes to the increase of detonation velocity and brisance， and the increase in charge diameter significantly increases the damage capability. Results of underwater explosion tests show that an increase of propellant content in 1-PxDy?z and 2-PxDy?z reduces the total underwater energy output， while 3-PxDy?z has a relatively constant total energy with an increase in propellant content， and 4-PxDy?z has an increasing total underwater energy with an increased of propellant content. Additionally， the total underwater energy from 1-PxDy?z to 4-PxDy?z） increases with the decrease of propellant particle size.

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• Internal Structural Changes of Double-Base Flake Gun Propellant During Pressing

  LI Man-man, REN Xin-yu, GUO Zhi-gang, YUE Chun-hui, WEI Lun, LI Qiang, WANG Qiong-lin

  Online:January 21, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025239

  Abstract(27) HTML(34) PDF(1.82 M)( 87)

  Abstract:To investigate the evolution of the internal structure and mechanical properties of double-base flake gun propellant during pressing， samples from four typical processing stages—raw materials， thin pressing （1， 3， 5， and 7 passes）， thick pressing （1， 3， 5， 7， and 10 passes）， and finishing pressing （1 and 2 passes）—were systematically characterized. A combination of analytical techniques， including scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， micro-computed tomography （μ-CT）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）， tensile testing， dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）， and linear expansion coefficient measurements， was employed to elucidate microstructural evolution， component interactions， and macro-property variations under thermomechanical coupling. The results indicate that thin pressing constitutes the main dehydration phase， reducing the water content from 22.6% to 0.46% and increasing the density from 1.474 g·cm^-3 to 1.611 g·cm^-3. At this stage， the nitrocellulose （NC） fibrous framework becomes clearly visible， and initial plasticization occurs. Thick pressing is identified as the critical period for plasticization， during which nitroglycerin （NG） molecules penetrate between NC molecular chains， disrupting the original hydrogen-bond network and forming new intermolecular interactions. This process significantly enhances the elongation at break to over 50%， eliminates internal pores and defects， and results in a homogeneous and dense structure. In contrast， fine pressing mainly serves to adjust the propellant sheet to its final thickness， with no notable changes in internal structure or fundamental mechanical properties.

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• Performance Comparison of the Motion Morphology Differences between Integrated and Split-type Exploding Foil Flyers

  ZHANG Qing-bo, YONG Shun, LI Ya-se, XIE Jun-yao, ZHOU Yang, WANG Cheng-ling, XIAN Ming-chun

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025245

  Abstract(50) HTML(44) PDF(4.65 M)( 255)

  Abstract:The structure of an integrated initiator assembly， where the flyer is directly integrated onto the surface of the bridge foil， represents one of the optimization directions for explosive foil （EF）， and this structure can address the issue of assembly consistency in the split-type EF component. However， the differences in the motion patterns of flyer resulting from the integrated method remain unknown， and there is no experimental data to show the impact of these differences on the performance of products， which hinders the development and optimization of integrated EF technology. Based on this， we focuse on the differences in the motion patterns of flyer between integrated and split-type EF， aiming to reveal the extent to which the differences affect performance. The motion patterns of flyer under the two structures were analyzing and their generation mechanisms were elucidating by using numerical simulation methods. The simulation conclusions were verified through non-charged firing testsand an up-and-down method experiment was used to compare the working performance of the products. The research results indicate that the integrated structure makes flyer be cut into a flat and round shape is quickly， and is less prone to cracking during its motion. The flyer collection experimental results also show that the rate complete flyer under the integrated structure can exceed 75%. The results of the up-down method experiment reveal that the minimum full-firing voltage of the integrated product is reduced by 52 V， with the voltage standard deviation decreasing from 8.01 V to 6.08 V. This confirms that the stable motion behavior of the integrated flyer enhances ignition reliability. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the integrated structure and its optimizing effect on flyer motion behavior.

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• Reliability Evaluation of Nitrocellulose Plasticization Based on Machine Learning

  MA Jia-cheng, LI Wen-jia, LI Shi-ying, ZHOU Jie

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025235

  Abstract(60) HTML(150) PDF(2.00 M)( 236)

  Abstract:To evaluate the plasticization behavior of nitrocellulose， machine learning was employed with impact strength selected as the performance index. Plasticization temperature， nitrogen content， plasticization time， solvation ratio， and alcohol–ether ratio were used as independent variables to build a multi-factor quadratic regression model. Response surface methodology analyzed the main effects and interactions among these factors. Significant interaction effects are observed among the five variables. To address the limited performance of traditional linear models under small-sample and nonlinear conditions， a random forest model was combined with a nonlinear correction layer. Gaussian-noise data augmentation improved the robustness of the training set. The combined RF+GBR model achieves an R2 of 0.98 and an MSE of 0.0341 （kJ·m^-2）² on the training data. Five-fold cross-validation yields an average R2 of 0.95 and an MSE of 0.63 （kJ·m^-2）². These results indicate high fitting accuracy and strong generalization capability. Feature-importance analysis identifies nitrogen content as the dominant factor affecting impact strength， followed by solvation ratio. The study provides a quantitative basis for evaluating plasticization reliability and optimizing process parameters.

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• Research Progress and Application Challenges of PTFE-Based Reactive Materials

  LI Xiang, ZHAO Kong-xun, LI Shun, LIU Kai, YANG Hong-tai, XU Chun-jing, XUAN Yu, REN Liang, LIU Gui-tao

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025221

  Abstract(86) HTML(238) PDF(1.71 M)( 246)

  Abstract:Polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE）-based reactive materials have emerged as pivotal candidates for enhancing warhead lethality due to their high reactivity and strong post-detonation effects， garnering significant attention in the field of high-efficiency destruction. Component modification serves as a critical technique for optimizing the performance of such materials， where the introduction of various additive components can effectively regulate the mechanical strength and energy release characteristics of PTFE-based composites. This review systematically summarizes and compares research progress and functional features of modification systems， including reactive components， inert components， and metal hydrides. It focuses on elucidating the mechanisms by which metal hydrides modification systems synergistically enhance the dynamic mechanical properties and impact-induced energy release characteristics through the “decomposition-hydrogen release- in-situ reinforcement- multi-path reaction coupling”mechanism. Building upon this foundation， the review analyzes current challenges in hydride stability， process compatibility， and cost reduction， while also outlining future research directions such as the development of novel coating materials and advancements in advanced forming technologies.

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• Fragment velocimetry based on the depolarization characteristics of PVDF films

  Tian XIN-yu, JIANG Hai-yan, MAO Bo-yong

  Online:January 09, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025254

  Abstract(60) HTML(160) PDF(3.34 M)( 300)

  Abstract:To address the limitations of traditional velocity measurement techniques in reusability， a fragment velocity measurement method based on the depolarization characteristics of PVDF film was proposed. By analyzing the composition of the response signal of PVDF film under fragment impact and the frequency response characteristics of each signal component， a criterion for identifying fragment impact time using the depolarization signal as the characteristic component was established. In response to the acquisition requirements of the high impedance， low amplitude， and high-frequency response depolarization signal， a depolarization signal acquisition scheme based on a source follower was designed according to the PVDF film voltage source equivalent model. Each module of the conditioning circuit was designed， selected， theoretically calculated， and simulated. Finally， a ballistic gun test was conducted using a single PVDF film with dimensions of 210 mm×150 mm×0.05 mm to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. The test results show that the proposed velocity measurement method can effectively measure fragment impact velocity and exhibits certain reusability. Compared with fragment velocity results obtained via high-speed photography， the velocity measurement deviation is less than 3.47%.

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• Numerical Study on the Combustion Characteristics of Aluminized AP/HTPB

  BAI Zhong-yuan, YU Yong-gang

  Online:December 25, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025173

  Abstract(139) HTML(108) PDF(2.53 M)( 444)

  Abstract:Solid propellants optimization significantly enhances combustion efficiency of the rocket engine. Aluminum （Al） particles are widely used as metallic additives due to the high reactivity and energy density. A two-dimensional homogenized steady-state combustion model with a sandwich structure was developed for AP/HTPB/Al propellants based on a five-step gas-phase reaction mechanism. The reliability of the model was validated by comparing simulation and experimental data. The results show that as the pressure increases from 0.2 MPa to 6.5 MPa transits flame structures from premixed to diffusion combustion, while the peak area of heat release gradually approaches the burn surface. At constant pressure， the burn rates rise significantly with higher Al content， however， the pressure index first decreases and then increases with the increase of Al content. This indicates that there is a trade-off between high burn rates and flame stability.

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• Characterization and Analysis of Tensile Damage Evolution in Aged NEPE Propellant Based on Fractal Dimension

  ZHANG Tao, JI Yong-chao, LI Zhuo, CHEN Jia-xing, LIU Xiao-han, TIAN Li-min, LIANG Wen-long, MO Shi-liang

  Online:December 22, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025163

  Abstract(86) HTML(166) PDF(2.07 M)( 395)

  Abstract:To quantitatively investigate the evolution of surface mesoscopic damagein nitrate ester plasticized polyether （NEPE） propellant during tension before and after aging， thermal accelerated aging tests were conducted with different aging days （0， 7 d， 40 d， 80 d）. An in-situ tensile machine combined with field emission scanning electron microscopy （FE-SEM） was employed for in-situ tensile testing， after which the captured images underwent digital processing. The fractal dimension was applied to quantitatively characterize and analyze the evolution of mesoscopic damage in the propellant at different aging stages. The differences between porosity method and fractal dimension method in characterizing mesoscopic damage before and after aging were studied. Results indicate that fractal dimension successfully captures the apparent damage evolution of NEPE propellant over different aging stages. During tension， for elongation below 20%， the fractal dimension rises relatively quickly with elongation. In the 20%-60% elongation range， the fractal dimension still increase with elongation， though at a reduced rate. Moreover， longer aging times were found to enhance the linear correlation between fractal dimension and elongation in this stage. Beyond 60% elongation， the fractal dimension shows irregular variation with elongation for all aging stages. Differences emerged between the porosity method and the fractal dimension method when characterizing the tensile process， especially after aging. While the porosity method mainly measuresthe area fraction of pores， the fractal dimension method characterizes the roughness and complexity of the surface morphology.

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• Preparation and Performance of Anti-hygroscopic ADN/HMTA Cocrystal

  ZHANG Yong-ting, WANG Ying, XIA Hong-lei, ZHANG Qing-hua

  Online:December 23, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025230

  Abstract(104) HTML(178) PDF(1.99 M)( 418)

  Abstract:To address the issue of the strong hygroscopicity of green high-energy oxidant ammonium dinitramide （ADN） limiting its engineering application， an ADN/hexamethylenetetramine （HMTA） cocrystal was prepared and its properties were studied. The cocrystal was synthesized using the solvent evaporation method. Its crystal structure， purity， thermal properties， energetic performance， mechanical sensitivity， and hygroscopicity were systematically characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction （SC-XRD）， powder X-ray diffraction （PXRD）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， elemental analysis （EA）， simultaneous thermal analysis （TG-DSC）， oxygen bomb calorimetry， BAM impact/friction sensitivity tests and hygroscopicity tests. The 2D fingerprint was constructed with Crystalexplorer to study its intermolecular interactions. Results show that the asymmetric unit of the cocrystal contains two ADN molecules and one HMTA molecule， belonging to monoclinic crystal system with C2/c space group， and has a density of 1.564 g·cm^-3. The analysis of intermolecular interactions confirms the formation of N─H…N hydrogen bonds with shorter bond length and greater strength in the cocrystal. The cocrystal is a pure phase with a molar ratio of ADN and HMTA of 2∶1 from XRD and EA analysis. The melting point and initial decomposition temperature of the cocrystal are 130.2 ℃ and 168.5 ℃， which are 38.8 ℃ and 14.3 ℃ higher than that of ADN. The formation enthalpy of the cocrystal is -492.55 kJ·mol^-1， the theoretical specific impulse value is 201.07 s， the detonation velocity and pressure are 7854 m·s^-1 and 20.72 GPa， respectively. The friction and impact sensitivity of the cocrystal are 288 N and above 50 J， both higher than those of ADN. The hygroscopicity rate of the cocrystal is 0 after 153 h at 25 ℃ and 70% relative humidity， for ADN the hygroscopicity rate reaches to 20.95% after 48 h. The preparation of ADN/HMTA cocrystal effectively solves the problem of strong hygroscopicity of ADN.

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• Preparation of Ladder-Like Nitrocellulose and Its Application in Double-Base Gun Propellants （I）： Compatibility， Thermal Decomposition and Sensitivity

  PU Cheng-kai, LUAN YU, JIANG Zi-hong, QIN Xiao-feng, XIAO Zheng-gang

  Online:December 16, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025197

  Abstract(95) HTML(130) PDF(1.60 M)( 453)

  Abstract:To address the issues of insufficient mechanical properties and high sensitivity in high-energy gun propellants caused by the addition of large amounts of solid high-energy fillers， by using nitrocellulose as the raw material， isophorone diisocyanate as the coupling agent， and polyethylene glycol as the flexible segment， the ladder-like nitrocellulose （LNC） was prepared via a two-step grafting reaction. LNC was then used as an energetic binder to partially replace nitrocellulose， and a semi-solvent method was adopted to prepare LNC-based double-base gun propellants. LNC formed a double-stranded molecular structure according to the designed reaction pathway. The compatibility， thermal decomposition and sensitivity of LNC-based double-base gun propellants were investigated. Results show that there is good compatibility between LNC and nitrocellulose. The LNC-based double-base gun propellants exhibit enhanced thermal stability with the initial decomposition temperature increased from 190.20 ℃ to 200.89 ℃. The impact sensitivity is reduced with the characteristic drop height value increased from 15.4 cm to 28.2 cm.

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• Experimental and Simulation Study on Damage Enhancement of Focused Discrete Rods to Structures

  YANG Yue, LIANG Zheng-feng, CHENG Shu-jie

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025152

  Abstract(92) HTML(162) PDF(3.13 M)( 324)

  Abstract:To investigate the damage effects of focused discrete rod warheads， a typical cylindrical target structure perforated by the focused discrete rod was designed. Through Abaqus^TM finite element simulation and statics experimental tests， the damage effectiveness of the focused discrete rod warhead on the structure was simulated and experimentally validated. The results indicate that under tensile loading， the ultimate load of the cylindrical structure perforated y the focused discrete rod is 19.22% of that of the unperforated cylinder， while the traditional fragment-perforated cylinder reaches 91.08%. Consequently， the ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is reduced by 71.86% compared to the traditional fragment-perforated cylinder. Under compressive load conditions， the cylindrical structure shows coupled buckling and fracture failure， with reduced stress concentration around the perforation. The ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is 68.76% of that of the unperforated cylinder， whereas the traditional fragment-perforated target cylinder reaches 93.84%. The structural ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is decreased by 25.08% compared to the fragment-perforated target， highlighting the differences in damage effects under various loading modes. The numerical simulation results and experimental data show good consistency in load response magnitude and failure trends， with the maximum relative error controlled within 15%， validating the reliability of the research method.

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• Penetration Depth of Dislocated Sequential Penetration by Multiple Projectiles into a Semi-infinite Concrete Target

  XU Bao-wen, ZHANG Ding-shan, ZHANG Bo, Quan Jia-lin, LV Yong-zhu

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025211

  Abstract(72) HTML(134) PDF(2.33 M)( 384)

  Abstract:To investigate the effects of projectile diameter and dislocation distance on the penetration depth and deflection behavior of subsequent projectiles during multi-projectile dislocated sequential penetration into a semi-infinite target， a theoretical model and numerical simulation model for the penetration depth of concrete targets under dislocated sequential penetration by multiple projectiles were established. tExperimental tests on multi-projectile dislocated sequential penetration were conducted to validate the reliability of the models. The results show that the penetration depth and deflection angles calculated from theoretical and numerical models agree well with experimental data， with maximum deviations of 6.7% and 9.0%， respectively. There exists a range of dislocation distances for multi-projectile penetration， where the lower limit L₁ represents the maximum dislocated distance at which subsequent projectiles deflect without entering the preceding projectile’s trajectory， and the upper limit L₂ denotes the minimum dislocated distance at which subsequent projectiles are almost unaffected by the preceding ones. Within this range， dislocated sequential penetration significantly enhances the penetration depth of subsequent projectiles， with preceding projectiles guide the trajectories of the subsequent ones. The influence of preceding projectiles on subsequent ones is negatively correlated with the dislocation distance. Under the condition where projcetiles penetrate a 80 MPa concrete target at a velocity of 600 m·s^-1， the penetration depth of the second 57mm projectile increases by approximately 30% compared to the first， while the third projectile’s penetration depth increases by up to 25% compared to the second. For projectiles with diameters of 57， 80， and 100 mm， the corresponding L₁ values are 2， 3， and 3.5 times the projectile diameter， respectively， and the L₂ values are 7， 10， and 14 times the diameter， respectively.

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• Preparation and Properties of High Progressive Propellant based on Coating of Phase Change Material

  JIANG Meng-he, YANG Qi, DING Ya-jun, XIAO Zhong-liang

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025194

  Abstract(68) HTML(124) PDF(3.04 M)( 410)

  Abstract:In response to the higher demands for progressive combustion and reduced erosion in small and medium-caliber rapid-fire weapons， a coating system based on stearic acid/silica/polyurethane （SA/SiO₂/PU） phase change material was designed， and the oblate-gun propellants were prepared by combining with fluidized bed technology. The compatibility， thermal decomposition， microstructure， combustion performance and storage stability of the propellants were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry， Raman spectroscopy， scanning electron microscopy， and a closed bomb. Results indicate that the SA/SiO₂/PU coating system exhibits Grade 1 compatibility with the propellant. The enthalpy of melting （ΔH_m） and crystallization （ΔH_c） of the coating system are 39.02 J·g^-1 and 39.46 J·g^-1， respectively， indicating a reversible phase transition process and good chemical stability. Microstructural analysis reveals that the propellant surface is densely and uniformly coated， with a coating thickness of approximately 13 μm under the coating time of 20 min. Compared with the uncoated propellant， the initial dynamic vivacity （L₀） and maximum dynamic vivacity （L_m） of the coated propellants decrease by respectively 48.0% and 44.7%， while the dynamic vivacity difference （ΔL） increases to 0.22 MPa^-1·s^-1， demonstrating high progressive combustion characteristics. In terms of storage stability， the average gas evolution of the coated propellant is 1.04 mL·g^-1， and the methyl violet test shows a 6.25% extension in discoloration time， suggesting that the coating process contributes to an improved storage stability of the oblate-gun propellant.

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• Penetration Depth of Dislocated Sequential Penetration by Multiple Projectiles into a Semi-infinite Concrete Target

  XU Bao-wen, ZHANG Ding-shan, ZHANG Bo, Quan Jia-lin, LV Yong-zhu

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025211

  Abstract(72) HTML(134) PDF( 384)

  Abstract:To investigate the effects of projectile diameter and dislocation distance on the penetration depth and deflection behavior of subsequent projectiles during multi-projectile dislocated sequential penetration into a semi-infinite target， a theoretical model and numerical simulation model for the penetration depth of concrete targets under dislocated sequential penetration by multiple projectiles were established. tExperimental tests on multi-projectile dislocated sequential penetration were conducted to validate the reliability of the models. The results show that the penetration depth and deflection angles calculated from theoretical and numerical models agree well with experimental data， with maximum deviations of 6.7% and 9.0%， respectively. There exists a range of dislocation distances for multi-projectile penetration， where the lower limit L₁ represents the maximum dislocated distance at which subsequent projectiles deflect without entering the preceding projectile’s trajectory， and the upper limit L₂ denotes the minimum dislocated distance at which subsequent projectiles are almost unaffected by the preceding ones. Within this range， dislocated sequential penetration significantly enhances the penetration depth of subsequent projectiles， with preceding projectiles guide the trajectories of the subsequent ones. The influence of preceding projectiles on subsequent ones is negatively correlated with the dislocation distance. Under the condition where projcetiles penetrate a 80 MPa concrete target at a velocity of 600 m·s^-1， the penetration depth of the second 57mm projectile increases by approximately 30% compared to the first， while the third projectile’s penetration depth increases by up to 25% compared to the second. For projectiles with diameters of 57， 80， and 100 mm， the corresponding L₁ values are 2， 3， and 3.5 times the projectile diameter， respectively， and the L₂ values are 7， 10， and 14 times the diameter， respectively.

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• Fragment velocimetry based on the depolarization characteristics of PVDF films

  Tian XIN-yu, JIANG Hai-yan, MAO Bo-yong

  Online:January 09, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025254

  Abstract(60) HTML(160) PDF( 300)

  Abstract:To address the limitations of traditional velocity measurement techniques in reusability， a fragment velocity measurement method based on the depolarization characteristics of PVDF film was proposed. By analyzing the composition of the response signal of PVDF film under fragment impact and the frequency response characteristics of each signal component， a criterion for identifying fragment impact time using the depolarization signal as the characteristic component was established. In response to the acquisition requirements of the high impedance， low amplitude， and high-frequency response depolarization signal， a depolarization signal acquisition scheme based on a source follower was designed according to the PVDF film voltage source equivalent model. Each module of the conditioning circuit was designed， selected， theoretically calculated， and simulated. Finally， a ballistic gun test was conducted using a single PVDF film with dimensions of 210 mm×150 mm×0.05 mm to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the proposed method. The test results show that the proposed velocity measurement method can effectively measure fragment impact velocity and exhibits certain reusability. Compared with fragment velocity results obtained via high-speed photography， the velocity measurement deviation is less than 3.47%.

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• Performance Comparison of the Motion Morphology Differences between Integrated and Split-type Exploding Foil Flyers

  ZHANG Qing-bo, YONG Shun, LI Ya-se, XIE Jun-yao, ZHOU Yang, WANG Cheng-ling, XIAN Ming-chun

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025245

  Abstract(50) HTML(44) PDF( 255)

  Abstract:The structure of an integrated initiator assembly， where the flyer is directly integrated onto the surface of the bridge foil， represents one of the optimization directions for explosive foil （EF）， and this structure can address the issue of assembly consistency in the split-type EF component. However， the differences in the motion patterns of flyer resulting from the integrated method remain unknown， and there is no experimental data to show the impact of these differences on the performance of products， which hinders the development and optimization of integrated EF technology. Based on this， we focuse on the differences in the motion patterns of flyer between integrated and split-type EF， aiming to reveal the extent to which the differences affect performance. The motion patterns of flyer under the two structures were analyzing and their generation mechanisms were elucidating by using numerical simulation methods. The simulation conclusions were verified through non-charged firing testsand an up-and-down method experiment was used to compare the working performance of the products. The research results indicate that the integrated structure makes flyer be cut into a flat and round shape is quickly， and is less prone to cracking during its motion. The flyer collection experimental results also show that the rate complete flyer under the integrated structure can exceed 75%. The results of the up-down method experiment reveal that the minimum full-firing voltage of the integrated product is reduced by 52 V， with the voltage standard deviation decreasing from 8.01 V to 6.08 V. This confirms that the stable motion behavior of the integrated flyer enhances ignition reliability. The study demonstrates the feasibility of the integrated structure and its optimizing effect on flyer motion behavior.

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• Reliability Evaluation of Nitrocellulose Plasticization Based on Machine Learning

  MA Jia-cheng, LI Wen-jia, LI Shi-ying, ZHOU Jie

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025235

  Abstract(60) HTML(150) PDF( 236)

  Abstract:To evaluate the plasticization behavior of nitrocellulose， machine learning was employed with impact strength selected as the performance index. Plasticization temperature， nitrogen content， plasticization time， solvation ratio， and alcohol–ether ratio were used as independent variables to build a multi-factor quadratic regression model. Response surface methodology analyzed the main effects and interactions among these factors. Significant interaction effects are observed among the five variables. To address the limited performance of traditional linear models under small-sample and nonlinear conditions， a random forest model was combined with a nonlinear correction layer. Gaussian-noise data augmentation improved the robustness of the training set. The combined RF+GBR model achieves an R2 of 0.98 and an MSE of 0.0341 （kJ·m^-2）² on the training data. Five-fold cross-validation yields an average R2 of 0.95 and an MSE of 0.63 （kJ·m^-2）². These results indicate high fitting accuracy and strong generalization capability. Feature-importance analysis identifies nitrogen content as the dominant factor affecting impact strength， followed by solvation ratio. The study provides a quantitative basis for evaluating plasticization reliability and optimizing process parameters.

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• Preparation and Properties of High Progressive Propellant based on Coating of Phase Change Material

  JIANG Meng-he, YANG Qi, DING Ya-jun, XIAO Zhong-liang

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025194

  Abstract(68) HTML(124) PDF( 410)

  Abstract:In response to the higher demands for progressive combustion and reduced erosion in small and medium-caliber rapid-fire weapons， a coating system based on stearic acid/silica/polyurethane （SA/SiO₂/PU） phase change material was designed， and the oblate-gun propellants were prepared by combining with fluidized bed technology. The compatibility， thermal decomposition， microstructure， combustion performance and storage stability of the propellants were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry， Raman spectroscopy， scanning electron microscopy， and a closed bomb. Results indicate that the SA/SiO₂/PU coating system exhibits Grade 1 compatibility with the propellant. The enthalpy of melting （ΔH_m） and crystallization （ΔH_c） of the coating system are 39.02 J·g^-1 and 39.46 J·g^-1， respectively， indicating a reversible phase transition process and good chemical stability. Microstructural analysis reveals that the propellant surface is densely and uniformly coated， with a coating thickness of approximately 13 μm under the coating time of 20 min. Compared with the uncoated propellant， the initial dynamic vivacity （L₀） and maximum dynamic vivacity （L_m） of the coated propellants decrease by respectively 48.0% and 44.7%， while the dynamic vivacity difference （ΔL） increases to 0.22 MPa^-1·s^-1， demonstrating high progressive combustion characteristics. In terms of storage stability， the average gas evolution of the coated propellant is 1.04 mL·g^-1， and the methyl violet test shows a 6.25% extension in discoloration time， suggesting that the coating process contributes to an improved storage stability of the oblate-gun propellant.

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• Preparation of Ladder-Like Nitrocellulose and Its Application in Double-Base Gun Propellants （I）： Compatibility， Thermal Decomposition and Sensitivity

  PU Cheng-kai, LUAN YU, JIANG Zi-hong, QIN Xiao-feng, XIAO Zheng-gang

  Online:December 16, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025197

  Abstract(95) HTML(130) PDF( 453)

  Abstract:To address the issues of insufficient mechanical properties and high sensitivity in high-energy gun propellants caused by the addition of large amounts of solid high-energy fillers， by using nitrocellulose as the raw material， isophorone diisocyanate as the coupling agent， and polyethylene glycol as the flexible segment， the ladder-like nitrocellulose （LNC） was prepared via a two-step grafting reaction. LNC was then used as an energetic binder to partially replace nitrocellulose， and a semi-solvent method was adopted to prepare LNC-based double-base gun propellants. LNC formed a double-stranded molecular structure according to the designed reaction pathway. The compatibility， thermal decomposition and sensitivity of LNC-based double-base gun propellants were investigated. Results show that there is good compatibility between LNC and nitrocellulose. The LNC-based double-base gun propellants exhibit enhanced thermal stability with the initial decomposition temperature increased from 190.20 ℃ to 200.89 ℃. The impact sensitivity is reduced with the characteristic drop height value increased from 15.4 cm to 28.2 cm.

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• Energy Output Characteristics of Composite Gel Explosives containing Propellant

  LIU Xi-chen, WANG Yi-ming, LIU Da-bin

  Online:January 04, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025184

  Abstract(84) HTML(112) PDF( 337)

  Abstract:To promote the resource utilization of retired HTPB propellants， composite gel explosives were prepared by compounding them with energetic gels： the tripropellant-containing composite explosive 1-PxDy?z， the quaternary propellant-containing composite explosive 2-PxDy?z that contains 9% RDX， the propellant-containing composite explosive 3-PxDy?z that contains 15% RDX， and the propellant-containing composite explosive 4-PxDy?z that contains 20% HMX. （x represents the content of propellant P， x=30%， 40%， 50%， y is particle size， y=5， 10， 15 mm； z denotes the charge size， z=40， 50， 65 mm）. Tests on detonation velocity， witness plate damage， and underwater explosion energy were conducted to investigate the energy characteristics of these composite gel explosives with varying propellant content， particle size， and charge diameter. The results indicate that an increase in the propellant content in 1-PxDy?z and 2-PxDy?z composite explosives reduces the detonation velocity and brisance of the composite explosives， whereas increasing the propellant content in 3-PxDy?z and 4-PxDy?z increases both detonation velocity and brisance. The decrease in propellant particle size from 1-PxDy?z to 4-PxDy?z contributes to the increase of detonation velocity and brisance， and the increase in charge diameter significantly increases the damage capability. Results of underwater explosion tests show that an increase of propellant content in 1-PxDy?z and 2-PxDy?z reduces the total underwater energy output， while 3-PxDy?z has a relatively constant total energy with an increase in propellant content， and 4-PxDy?z has an increasing total underwater energy with an increased of propellant content. Additionally， the total underwater energy from 1-PxDy?z to 4-PxDy?z） increases with the decrease of propellant particle size.

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• Research Progress and Application Challenges of PTFE-Based Reactive Materials

  LI Xiang, ZHAO Kong-xun, LI Shun, LIU Kai, YANG Hong-tai, XU Chun-jing, XUAN Yu, REN Liang, LIU Gui-tao

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025221

  Abstract(86) HTML(238) PDF( 246)

  Abstract:Polytetrafluoroethylene （PTFE）-based reactive materials have emerged as pivotal candidates for enhancing warhead lethality due to their high reactivity and strong post-detonation effects， garnering significant attention in the field of high-efficiency destruction. Component modification serves as a critical technique for optimizing the performance of such materials， where the introduction of various additive components can effectively regulate the mechanical strength and energy release characteristics of PTFE-based composites. This review systematically summarizes and compares research progress and functional features of modification systems， including reactive components， inert components， and metal hydrides. It focuses on elucidating the mechanisms by which metal hydrides modification systems synergistically enhance the dynamic mechanical properties and impact-induced energy release characteristics through the “decomposition-hydrogen release- in-situ reinforcement- multi-path reaction coupling”mechanism. Building upon this foundation， the review analyzes current challenges in hydride stability， process compatibility， and cost reduction， while also outlining future research directions such as the development of novel coating materials and advancements in advanced forming technologies.

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• Internal Structural Changes of Double-Base Flake Gun Propellant During Pressing

  LI Man-man, REN Xin-yu, GUO Zhi-gang, YUE Chun-hui, WEI Lun, LI Qiang, WANG Qiong-lin

  Online:January 21, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025239

  Abstract(27) HTML(34) PDF( 87)

  Abstract:To investigate the evolution of the internal structure and mechanical properties of double-base flake gun propellant during pressing， samples from four typical processing stages—raw materials， thin pressing （1， 3， 5， and 7 passes）， thick pressing （1， 3， 5， 7， and 10 passes）， and finishing pressing （1 and 2 passes）—were systematically characterized. A combination of analytical techniques， including scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， micro-computed tomography （μ-CT）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）， tensile testing， dynamic mechanical analysis （DMA）， and linear expansion coefficient measurements， was employed to elucidate microstructural evolution， component interactions， and macro-property variations under thermomechanical coupling. The results indicate that thin pressing constitutes the main dehydration phase， reducing the water content from 22.6% to 0.46% and increasing the density from 1.474 g·cm^-3 to 1.611 g·cm^-3. At this stage， the nitrocellulose （NC） fibrous framework becomes clearly visible， and initial plasticization occurs. Thick pressing is identified as the critical period for plasticization， during which nitroglycerin （NG） molecules penetrate between NC molecular chains， disrupting the original hydrogen-bond network and forming new intermolecular interactions. This process significantly enhances the elongation at break to over 50%， eliminates internal pores and defects， and results in a homogeneous and dense structure. In contrast， fine pressing mainly serves to adjust the propellant sheet to its final thickness， with no notable changes in internal structure or fundamental mechanical properties.

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• Simulation on Localized Deformation Flow and Ignition Response of Cast Explosives under Spigot Loading

  SHENG Xing-yu, YANG Kun, LU Yi-ming, WU Yan-qing, DUAN Zhuo-ping, HUANG Feng-lei

  Online:January 12, 2026  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025244

  Abstract(69) HTML(122) PDF( 257)

  Abstract:Aiming at the unclear issues of charge deformation and ignition mechanisms in the spigot safety evaluation tests of cast explosives， a viscoelastic-viscoplastic deformation and multi-hotspot competitive ignition model for cast PBXs was developed. This model considers multiple hotspot mechanisms， including microcrack friction， microvoid collapse， and localized viscous shear flow heating. Simulations of macro-mesoscopic rheological-ignition response under spigot were conducted， obtaining the pressure， shear flow， and ignition response characteristics of explosive charges under different drop heights， spigot lengths， and spigot shapes. The results indicate that the ignition response process of the charge under spigot is driven by both pressure and shear strain rate. When these two factors overlap at high levels， the resulting localized viscous shear flow becomes the dominant hotspot mechanism. For the same spigot diameter， a larger aspect-ratio spigot induces higher pressure and shear flow in the charge above the spigot， coupled with a longer spigot action time and higher impulse， leading to an easier ignition with a reduced critical ignition height. Compared to a flat-head spigot， an oval-head spigot significantly reduces the critical ignition height of the charge. These findings provide technical support for interpreting the ignition response and mesoscopic mechanisms of cast explosives under low-speed long-pulse penetrating mechanical stimulation， as well as for constructing safety evaluation and numerical characterization methods for projectile drop with foreign object penetration.

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• Experimental and Simulation Study on Damage Enhancement of Focused Discrete Rods to Structures

  YANG Yue, LIANG Zheng-feng, CHENG Shu-jie

  Online:December 15, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025152

  Abstract(92) HTML(162) PDF( 324)

  Abstract:To investigate the damage effects of focused discrete rod warheads， a typical cylindrical target structure perforated by the focused discrete rod was designed. Through Abaqus^TM finite element simulation and statics experimental tests， the damage effectiveness of the focused discrete rod warhead on the structure was simulated and experimentally validated. The results indicate that under tensile loading， the ultimate load of the cylindrical structure perforated y the focused discrete rod is 19.22% of that of the unperforated cylinder， while the traditional fragment-perforated cylinder reaches 91.08%. Consequently， the ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is reduced by 71.86% compared to the traditional fragment-perforated cylinder. Under compressive load conditions， the cylindrical structure shows coupled buckling and fracture failure， with reduced stress concentration around the perforation. The ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is 68.76% of that of the unperforated cylinder， whereas the traditional fragment-perforated target cylinder reaches 93.84%. The structural ultimate load of the focused discrete rod-perforated cylinder is decreased by 25.08% compared to the fragment-perforated target， highlighting the differences in damage effects under various loading modes. The numerical simulation results and experimental data show good consistency in load response magnitude and failure trends， with the maximum relative error controlled within 15%， validating the reliability of the research method.

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Vol, 33, No.12, 2025    

>Research Articles

• Continuous Flow Preparation and Reaction Kinetics of 2，4-dinitroanisole

  ZHU Xu, ZHANG Wenjin, CHEN Jun, HUANG He, PANG Siping, SUN Chenghui

  2025,33(12):1377-1384, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025206

  Abstract(166) HTML(118) PDF(1.30 M)( 485)

  Abstract:2，4-Dinitroanisole （DNAN） has emerged as a novel insensitive melt-cast carrier explosive， serving as a practical and effective replacement for TNT in various applications. However， the conventional batch reactor synthesis method is plagued by several limitations， including prolonged reaction duration， excessive in-process inventory， and significant generation of byproducts， which collectively restrict its safe and efficient large-scale production. Consequently， developing advanced preparation processes has become imperative. This study investigates the synthesis of DNAN employing a reaction system comprising 2，4-dinitrochlorobenzene （2，4-DNCB）， methanol， and sodium hydroxide， with a particular focus on continuous flow technology and reaction kinetics. Through mechanistic simulations， a kinetic reaction model was successfully established. The experimental kinetic results indicate that the etherification of 2，4-DNCB follows second-order reaction kinetics， where the reaction rate is proportional to the product of the concentrations of 2，4-DNCB and NaOH. Key kinetic parameters were determined as follows： Activation energy （E_a）： 73.950 kJ·mol^-1. Pre-exponential factor （A₀）： 7.991×10¹⁰ L·mol^-1·s^-1.The effects of critical process variables—namely， reaction temperature， residence time， and molar ratio of reactants—on the product purity and yield were systematically investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were identified as： Reaction temperature： 90 ℃. Residence time： 1 min. Molar ratio （2，4-DNCB∶NaOH）： 1.6∶1. Under these optimized conditions， DNAN was obtained with a yield of 93.7% and a purity exceeding 99.99%. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation and practical methodology for the continuous and efficient production of DNAN.

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• Preparation of HTPB Propellant by Mixing Two-Component Slurry with a Static Mixer

  REN Li-yuan, CHEN Jian-fa, XU Ji-lin, XIAO Le-qin, WEI Jiao, ZHOU Wei-liang

  2025,33(12):1385-1394, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025176

  Abstract(102) HTML(94) PDF(2.67 M)( 449)

  Abstract:To address the issues of large in-process quantities and strict pot-life demands of slurry in traditional one-pot propellant slurry mixing， a static mixer mixing technique was designed and developed. In this technique， the pre-prepared binder slurry and curing agent slurry are stored separately in reservoirs， metered by screw pumps， extruded into a static mixer for blending， and then directly cast. Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） simulations were used to generate cloud images of the mixing process of a two-component slurry in a static mixer under typical conditions. A two-component curing system suitable for the static mixer mixing process was designed and synthesized. Based on this curing system， using K₂SO₄ and CaCO₃ as simulated oxidizers， a simulated oxidizer propellant with a solid content of 85% and without the addition of a bonding agent was prepared via the static mixer mixing process. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the propellant were characterized. Results indicate that the static mixer achieved homogeneous mixing of the two-component slurry. The resulting propellant exhibited a tensile strength of 0.4 MPa and an elongation at break of 37.5%， with a fracture surface that was dense and uniform， showing no cracks or voids. The static mixer mixing process offers advantages of small in-process quantity and no requirement for pot life of the slurry.

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• Inhibition Mechanism of Typical Inhibitors on the Thermal Decomposition Process of Emulsion Explosives Containing FeS₂

  XU Jian-wei, CHENG Yang-fan, ZHANG Qi-wei, ZHU Shou-jun, SHE Jun-yuan

  2025,33(12):1395-1404, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025215

  Abstract(99) HTML(79) PDF(2.07 M)( 451)

  Abstract:To investigate the inhibition mechanisms of typical inhibitors on the thermal decomposition process of emulsion explosives containing FeS₂， the thermal decomposition behavior， gas products， solid products and thermal self-ignition behavior of emulsion explosives containing FeS₂ with typical inhibitors （NH₄H₂PO₄， CaCO₃ and ZnO） were studied by using TG-DSC， TGA-FTIR， XRD and a thermal spontaneous combustion experimental platform. The results indicate that the inert species generated during inhibitor decomposition effectively suppress the catalytic activity of FeS₂ toward the thermal decomposition of emulsion explosives， thereby reducing the reaction rate and increasing the apparent activation energy. The apparent activation energy of the emulsion explosive containing FeS₂， calculated via the Kissinger method， was determined to be 99.03 kJ·mol^-1. When NH₄H₂PO₄ serves as the inhibitor， the emulsion explosive exhibits the highest apparent activation energy （130.38 kJ·mol^-1）. Furthermore， all three inhibitors can effectively inhibit the formation of nitrogen oxides （NO₂ and N₂O） and react with Fe or S derived from FeS₂ to form thermally stable inert compounds. The inhibitors can also markedly extend the ignition delay period and reduce the combustion intensity， among which NH₄H₂PO₄ shows the most pronounced flame suppression performance.

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• Preparation and Micro-scale Detonation Propagation Performance of BTF/NC/GAP Energetic Composites

  XU Chuan-hao, CHEN Sen, CHENG Wang-jian, ZHANG Peng-peng, WANG Yu-tong, FENG Shang-biao, AN Chong-wei

  2025,33(12):1405-1415, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025200

  Abstract(95) HTML(35) PDF(2.38 M)( 440)

  Abstract:To expand the design range of micro-booster explosives， four fully liquid explosive inks were formulated by using benzotrifuroxan （BTF） as the main explosive with low detonation critical size characteristics and planar-like structure， nitrocellulose （NC） and glycidyl azide polymer （GAP） as binders， and ethyl acetate as the solvent. The BTF/NC/GAP energetic composites were constructed using inkjet printing technology. The microstructure， critical size of detonation， and detonation propagation performance of the composites were systematically investigated. Results show that the main explosives in BTF/NC/GAP composites exist in a flake-like structure with particle size mainly ranges from 1 to 10 μm. The composites have excellent energy storage properties and micro-scale detonation propagation capability， achieving over 90% of their theoretical energy output. The critical size of detonation reaches a minimum of 1 mm×0.102 mm （2% NC/GAP content）， while the maximum detonation velocity attains 8436 m·s^-1（5% NC/GAP content）. Moreover， the increased NC/GAP content induces a transition from nano- to micro-scale pores within the composites， enhancing the probability of hotspot formation and improving the efficiency of energy release. At 10% NC/GAP content， the ratio of experimental to theoretical detonation velocity peaks at 94.61%， demonstrating more complete energy release characteristics and stable detonation propagation.

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• The Performance of B₄C Ceramic/UHMWPE Fiber Composite Structure against Penetration by 7.62 mm Armor-piercing Incendiary Projectiles

  XU Hao, TIAN Chao, LU Zhong-hua, DONG Qi

  2025,33(12):1416-1427, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025225

  Abstract(96) HTML(40) PDF(2.62 M)( 464)

  Abstract:To support the structural design of ceramic composite inserts， a finite element computational model for projectile penetration into composite structures was established and its reliability was validated through experiments. Using this model， the process of a 7.62 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile penetrating a composite structure was simulated. The anti-penetration characteristics， such as target plate failure and the retention effects during projectile penetration， were analyzed. The influence of bullet velocity， ceramic thickness and fiber thickness on the anti-penetration performance of the composite structure was studied. The study shows that there is a synergistic effect between ceramics and fibers during projectile penetration. The retention effect significantly impacts the anti-penetration performance of the ceramics- the lower the bullet velocity， the longer the retention time， and the higher the percentage of bullet kinetic energy dissipation. At a bullet velocity of 500 m·s^-1， the kinetic energy dissipation during the retention period is 68.4%. The specific energy absorption of the composite structure increases with the increase of material thickness， but the penetrating specific energy absorption of the composite structure initially rises and then decreases as material thickness icreases.

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• Analysis of the Impact of Perforating Charge Burst Height and Jet Inclination Angle on Penetration Performance Based on SPH

  LI Ming-fei, JIA Jian-peng, WEN Xiao-Yong

  2025,33(12):1428-1438, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025201

  Abstract(91) HTML(42) PDF(2.98 M)( 453)

  Abstract:Considering the constraints of small boreholes in deep wells on burst height and the influence of penetrating the perforating fluid， a typical deep-well charge-casing combination with an outer diameter of 139.70 mm and wall thickness of 9.17 mm casing， paired with a perforating gun with an outer diameter of 89.00 mm， was modeled using the mesh node method to establish a three-dimensional SPH model of the perforating bullet. The effects of the perforating charge''s burst height and jet inclination angle on penetration performance were analyzed. The study shows that t he mesh-node conversion method for SPH particle modelling results in more uniform particle distribution and smoother boundary particle arrangement compared to the mesh centered method. Under typical deep well oil casing and gun-bullet conditions， increasing the detonation height from 12 mm to 18mm reduced the maximum axial velocity by 7.72%， while further increasing it from 18 mm to 24 mm decreased the maximum axial velocity by 5.27%. At an inclination angle of 60°， the metal jet impact velocity was 6564 m·s^-1， whereas at 45°， it was 6283 m·s^-1， showing a 4.28% reduction. The differences in maximum energy and residual energy of the metal jets between the two inclination angles were relatively small， with variations of 1.05% and 2.5%， respectively.

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• Quasi-static Mechanical Equivalence of HMX-Based Granular Explosives and its Substitute Materials

  SHAO Guang-yu, WANG Xiao-he, HAO Ga-zi, XIAO Lei, DUAN Ruo-fei, FENG Xiao-jun, GUO Rui, JIANG Wei, YANG Jun-qing

  2025,33(12):1439-1447, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025195

  Abstract(70) HTML(22) PDF(1.34 M)( 434)

  Abstract:To investigate the quasi-static mechanical equivalence between HMX-based granular explosives （JO-8） and its substitute materials （Ba（NO₃）₂-based PBX and Na₂SO₄-based PBX）， quasi-static compression experiments were conducted on three types of explosive column sample using a self-developed micro-compression testing apparatus. Parameters fitting was performed on the stress-strain curves obtained from the experiment based on the concrete constitutive model. To further evaluate the mechanical equivalence between JO-8 and the substitute materials， quasi-static compression tests were performed on their internal crystalline single particles HMX， Ba（NO₃）₂， and Na₂SO₄. The results indicate that the quasi-static mechanical behavior of JO-8 explosive column is better characterized by the true stress-strain curve. The good agreement between the fitting data from the constitutive model and the experimental results verifies the effectiveness of the constitutive model. Based on the combined experimental results of the three types of explosive column and their internal single crystal particles， as well as the data analysis of the constitutive model， it reveals that Ba（NO₃）₂-based granular explosive exhibits mechanical properties comparable to JO-8 explosive under quasi-static compression conditions， compared with Na₂SO₄-based granular explosive.

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• Impact Dynamic Response And Reliability of Electronic Control Modules in Electronic Detonators

  WU Hong-bo, YE Zi-yang, REN Meng-yu, WANG Xin-qi, HU Peng-fei

  2025,33(12):1448-1457, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025191

  Abstract(126) HTML(34) PDF(2.12 M)( 473)

  Abstract:To investigate the reliability of electronic detonator control modules under impact initiation， a single-impact and superimposed-impact experimental system was constructed using concrete test blocks. By controlling equivalent explosive sources and equivalent spacing， the firing voltage range of the bridge wire was determined through the up-and-down method. The dynamic response of the electronic control module under impacts with varying hole spacings was analyzed. The findings indicate that temporary failures and permanent damage can be distinguished based on the bridge wire firing voltage range and the voltage drop at the delay termination. If the voltage falls into the unstable range （12.989-14.421 V）， the firing status must be further assessed based on the remaining voltage at the delay termination. Some capacitors experience continuous voltage decline after impact， increasing the risk of misfiring in long-delay detonation networks. The module’s layout analysis within the casing reveals that tantalum capacitors exhibit significantly better impact resistance on the front side compared to the side， while chip performance remains largely unaffected by impact direction. Additionally， a comparison with continuous impact experiments shows that superimposed impacts exacerbate capacitor discharge phenomena. As the interval time increases， the coupling effect between successive impacts weakens， allowing capacitors to achieve more complete recovery through internal self-healing mechanisms， thereby significantly enhancing charge retention under secondary impacts. When the interval time exceeds 200 ms， the voltage drop caused by the secondary impact decreases by approximately 60% compared to a 50 ms interval， markedly improving the firing reliability of electronic detonators.

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• Reaction Evolution Model of a Combustion Crack Network in an Encased Charge Based on Energy Relations

  GAO Chen-zilong, WANG Shuo, YAO Tian-zi, TIAN Zhan-dong, CHEN Rong

  2025,33(12):1458-1470, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025214

  Abstract(107) HTML(36) PDF(2.19 M)( 451)

  Abstract:The reaction evolution process of shelled explosive charge structures under non-impact ignition conditions is highly complex， influenced by the coupling of multiple physical mechanisms such as crack propagation， gas-phase flow， and reaction propagation. To deeply reveal the laws of this reaction evolution， a calculation method for crack network expansion based on reaction pressure and the fracture toughness of the explosive matrix is proposed， targeting the coupled mechanism of crack propagation-gas-phase flow-reaction propagation. On this basis， combined with the energy conservation relationship during the reaction evolution process， a combustion crack network model for shelled explosive charges considering the physical mechanism of crack network formation is established. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing and analyzing experimental results from existing studies. The model is used to investigate the formation of combustion crack networks， the dynamic expansion process， and the reaction-induced pressure rise behavior of the explosive charge during reaction evolution. It quantitatively reveals the coupling relationship between reaction pressure， combustion crack network area， and the average fragmentation size of the explosive matrix. Under typical working conditions of spherical charges with strong confinement， when the reaction pressure exceeds 1000 MPa， the degree of explosive fragmentation changes minimally with further increases in reaction pressure. The results show that confinement strength is a key factor determining crack propagation and pressure evolution during ignition reactions. Changing the charge size mainly affects the crack network area， while the initial ignition pressure has little impact on the final reaction outcome. In experiments with charges equipped with pressure relief holes， a phenomenon may occur where the competition between combustion-induced pressure buildup and pressure relief-induced depressurization reaches a stalemate.

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>Reviews

• Special Effects and Applications of Energetic Materials

  LIU Jie, SONG Chang-kun, SHI Wei, XU Jian-yong, CHENG He, YU Chun-pei, OUYANG De-hua, ZHANG Wen-chao

  2025,33(12):1471-1482, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025224

  Abstract(172) HTML(70) PDF(2.36 M)( 507)

  Abstract:As the core foundation for applications such as passive interference， target indication， signal enhancement， destruction， illumination， increasing the rang， and counter-terrorism， the special effects of energetic materials play a crucial role in enhancing the combat capabilities， especially in improving the survival and penetration capabilities of military equipment in complex electromagnetic environments. The mechanism of the five special effects （light， sound， smoke， heat， and plasma） of energetic materials is reviewed systematically. The application status of passive interference products based on these effects in modern military fields such as the protection of important targets， aircraft self-defense， missile evasion， and ship protection is elaborated. Taking into account the development of weapons and equipment as well as the future war patterns， the application methods and development trends of special effects of energetic materials in land， sea， air， space， underwater and other fields are analyzed. It provides theoretical references and guidance for the application of special effects of energetic materials.

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