Most downloaded articles

1 Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Explosives and their Function in the Blasting Engineering

LU Ming

2002, 10(3):142-144.

[Abstract](2859) [HTML](176) [PDF 847.48 K](50920)

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The main ammonium nitrate explosives produced in China, and a tendency for the improvement of industrial explosives in China are discussed. The properties of ammonium nitrate explosives and their function in the blasting engineering are studied, and the suggestions on selecting proper ammonium nitrate explosives in the blasting operation are offered .

2 Theoretial Study on Structure and Properties of Polycyclic Derivatives of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine Based High Energy Density Materials

ZHANG Chi , CHEN Mo , CHEN Xiang , ZHANG Cong , SONG Ji-rong , MA Hai-xia

2017, 25(4):273-281. DOI: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.04.002

[Abstract](2678) [HTML](84) [PDF 826.75 K](15308)

Abstract:
The geometrical structures, front orbital energies and enthalpies of formation (ΔH_f) of 14 kinds of 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine polycyclic ring derivatives were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and wB97/6-31+G^** basis set level. The detonation performances of these derivatives were estimated by Kamlet-Jacobs equation. The thermodynamic properties of these compounds at different temperatures from 200K to 800K were obtained by statistic thermodynamics. The detonation properties and heat of formation of these 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine derivatives were also compared. Results show that the detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (p) have good linear correlation with the numbers of nitrogen, and their ΔH_f are between 527.49 kJ·mol^-1and 1122.53 kJ·mol^-1 and the detonation velocities are between 5.59 and 8.65 km·s^-1. The values of the standard heat capacity (C_{p, m}), standard molar entropy (S_m) and the standard enthalpy (H_m) gradually increase with the temperature. The compounds T7(C₂N₇H₂) and T72(C₂N₁₀H₂) may be considered as potential candidates for energetic materials.

3 Energetic Express--2018No1

王敏敏

2018, 26(1):1.

[Abstract](6121) [HTML](102) [PDF 612.05 K](12763)

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4 Thoughts on the Development of the Initiating Explosive Materials

ZHANG Jian-guo , LI Zhi-min , ZHANG Lu , LU Zu-jia

2022, 30(4):291-293. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022063

[Abstract](752) [HTML](767) [PDF 451.69 K](12056)

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5 ABOUT THE MECHANISM OF SHOCK WAVE INDUCED CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Xu Kang

1993, 1(1):8-10.

[Abstract](2915) [HTML](322) [PDF 2.78 M](12029)

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A prelimnary discussion on the mechanism of chemical reactions in condensed matter induced by strong shock waves was given.Between the mechanisms suggested in literature,the“pressure induced electron activation”mechanism is believed to be the best one,which can reflect the nature of these reactions to some extent.Up to now,no direct verification has been obtained,nevertheless there exist some experimental facts supporting this mechanism,which were briefly described in this paper.

6 X-ray Diffraction Study of Single-base Propellant Ageing

Radi Ganev , Ivan Glavchev

2001, 9(1):28-30.

[Abstract](11568) [HTML](486) [PDF 820.08 K](11823)

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Ageing of single-base propellants, extending over a storage period of more than 50 years, was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray degree of crystallinity and interplanar spacing were determined. Analysed was the effect of nitrogen content, degree of substitution ( DOS) and diphenylamine ( DPA) content on structural changes in propellants.

7 Research Progress on Organic Energetic Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Propellants

TAN Bo-jun , DUAN Bing-hui , REN Jia-tong , LU Xian-ming , MO Hong-chang , LIU Ning

2022, 30(8):833-852. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022033

[Abstract](1081) [HTML](372) [PDF 1.83 M](11814)

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Energetic burning rate catalyst is a hot research direction in the field of solid propellant in recent years. The application research progress and development trend of energetic combustion-rate catalysts in solid propellants were reviewed from the following four categories： monometal-organic framework type， bimetal based multi-functional type， molecular supported type and other types. It was pointed out that the catalytic effect of mono-metal-organic frame type burning rate catalyst is relatively simple， and the catalytic effect is better when combined with other metal salts. Bimetal based multi-functional combustion rate catalysts have excellant catalytic performance and potential application prospects. Molecular supported burn rate catalysts are still in the preliminary exploration stage， and their preparation and application have become one of the development directions of burning rate catalysts. The application of other new energetic burning rate catalysts should be strengthened. Finally， the main research directions in the future were suggested as following： green and environmental protection， high energy and low sensitivity， and nano and multi-functional composite. Burning rate catalysts containing heavy metals will have adverse effects on the environment， and the development of green and environmental protection burning rate catalysts has become an inevitable trend. The energy loss of propellant can be reduced by giving certain energy characteristics to burning rate catalysts. High energy and low sensitivity have become an important direction of burning rate catalysts. Nanocrystallization of energetic burning rate catalysts is always an effective way to improve the catalytic activity of catalysts. Burning rate catalysts with multiple functions will be the development trend in the future.

8 Advances in Biosensors-based Trace Explosives Detection

WANG Zi-han , LIU Wei , SHI Ling-yan , HE Xuan , CUI Sheng

2022, 30(10):1047-1054. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021277

[Abstract](567) [HTML](240) [PDF 2.52 M](11777)

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Explosive TNT is the most important weapon energy source in military activities. It not only has a powerful damaging effect， but also has chemical toxicity. Even a trace amount of TNT will pose a serious threat to the natural environment and human health. Therefore， the development of trace explosive detection technology with high sensitivity， high accuracy and fast response has far-reaching research significance for protecting the ecological environment and maintaining human health. Among many trace detection technologies， biosensing technology has the advantages of good selectivity， simple synthesis， fast response and high sensitivity， and has good application prospects. This paper reviews the research progress of biosensor technology in the detection of trace explosives in recent years， focusing on the advantages and limitations of five types of biosensors： antibody immunity， peptides， aptamers， enzymes and multi-parameter loading. Among them， the sensor prepared based on aptamer has good affinity and specificity for explosive molecules， the detection limit is 1000 times lower than other types of sensors， and has good stability， easy modification and modification， and strong structural expansion ability. Future research will focus on the construction of high-throughput trace explosives sensing systems based on bioreceptor components such as aptamers， combined with neural network algorithms and machine learning to construct biosensors with multiple detection and bionic remote sensing properties.

9 Rheological Properties and 3D Printing of a Modified-HTPB Solid Propellant

SHI Yu , REN Quan-bin , HUANG Pu , WANG Kai , WANG Wei , CAO Cheng-shuo , SHI Ke , FU Xiao-meng , WANG Fang , LI Wei , WANG Yan-wei

2022, 30(8):826-832. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022043

[Abstract](511) [HTML](258) [PDF 1.58 M](11702)

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The rapid development of additive manufacturing technology provides an effective way for the flexibility and adaptability of traditional solid propellant casting molding， however， to meet the requirements of the casting， the thermosetting solid propellants with good fluidity could not deposite layer by layer. In order to realize the additive manufacturing， the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene （HTPB） was modified by adding a small amount of styling aids. The rheological properties of the modified-HTPB and slurry made by using the modified-HTPB were studied. The rheological curve test results show that apparent viscosity and viscous flow activation energy of the modified-HTPB increase significantly with the decrease of temperature. The rheological property of the modified-HTPB solid propellant slurry is consistent with Herschel-Bulkley equation， and the fluidity of modified-HTPB solid propellant slurry increases with the increment of temperature. Besides， the slurry possesses high storage modulus（G′＞10⁴ Pa） and small loss tangent（ω＜10 rad·s^-1，G″/G′＜0.5） at ambient temperature， showing a low fluidity. A small amount of styling aids has little effect on the thermal decomposition behavior of the propellant， which promotes the 3D printing of the modified-HTPB solid propellant .

10 Study on Charcoal-free Black Powder

CUI Qing-zhong , JIAO Qing-jie , REN Hui

2005, 13(6):389-392.

[Abstract](3547) [HTML](254) [PDF 1.23 M](11523)

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Through modifying proportions of potassium nitrate, sulfur, phenolophthalein and potassium hydrate, formula of charcoal-free black powder is optimized by replacing charcoal with reactant of phenolphthalein and potassium hydrate. Properties between ordinary black powder and charcoal-free powder are compared, including mechanical sensitivity, static eletricity sensitivity, thermal decomposition process and output capacity.The results indicate that the mechanical sensitivity, static electricity sensibility and ignition temperature of charcoal-free black powder is lower than that of ordinary black powder, and the safety ability, working capacity and output stability of charcoal-free black powder is higher than that of ordinary black powder.

11 Flow and Casting Process Simulation of Unsaturated Polyester Coating Layer

ZHANG Yu-lu , LIU Ben-ben , CHEN Guo-hui , CAO Bei-bei , HE Ji-yu , LI Xiang-mei , YANG Rong-jie

2022, 30(11):1106-1127. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022045

[Abstract](500) [HTML](230) [PDF 6.01 M](11362)

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The new challenge to the existing coating layer process was put forward by the development of solid rocket motor technology. In recent years， thermosetting resin as the matrix was used， combined with continuous automatic coating technology， the popular coating production method of coating layer lies in whether complete molding and excellent performance can be obtained quickly. The flow properties and casting condition of unsaturated polyester （UPR） coating layer were studied. The chemical rheological model of the UPR coating layer during continuous automatic manufacturing is obtained by introducing exponential function based on Kinua-Fontana model. The functional relationship of viscosity versus time and temperature of cured UPR is established. The suitable temperature for casting operation was obtained. The filling volume fraction distribution， flow rate distribution and weld line position of coating layer were predicted by introducing of POLYFLOW simulation software， which the constitutive equations is established on the base of Bird-Carrea power-law equation. The casting process was simulated at the constant rate and pressure， respectively. The results show that the casting temperature is below 35 ℃， the casting pressure is more than 1 MPa， and the inlet flow rate is more than 150 mm³·s^-1 and less than 175 mm³·s^-1 in the coating layer casting process.

12 Experimental Research of the Influence of Adding RP on Smoke Characteristic of Modified HC

ZHOU Zun-ning , PAN Gong-pei , LI Yi , GUAN Hua

2002, 10(3):128-131.

[Abstract](2962) [HTML](217) [PDF 1.31 M](11197)

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Based on modified HC, the influence of red phosphorus（RP）content on smoke spectrum transmissivity, initial concentration, settling velocity and particle size distribution is studied. Smoke chamber experiment results show that when RP content is 0% ,the average infrared spectrum transmissivity is 22.4% with smoke in 8~14 μm; when RP content is 10% ,the average infrared spectrum transmissivity is reduced to 7.8% in the same smoke region.

13 Theoretical Study on Improvement Strategy of Crystal Stability and Detonation Energy of Cocrystal Explosive

LI Chong-yang , HUANG Yong-li , SUN Chang-qing , ZHANG Lei

2020, 28(9):854-860. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2020020

[Abstract](873) [HTML](486) [PDF 1.52 M](11007)

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The calculations of the crystal structures, in-crystal intermolecular interactions, physicochemical properties, crystal stability and detonation performance for 16 reported cocrystal explosives were carried out to explore their effect on crystal stability and detonation performance of cocrystal explosives. We show that the crystal stability of the cocrystal explosives is mainly determined by the hydrogen bonding (HB) amount when the HB strength is less than 21 kJ·mol^-1. When the HB strength is more than 21 kJ·mol^-1, the crystal stability of the cocrystal explosives is mainly determined by the HB strength. Compared to traditional single-component explosives, the reported 16 cocrystals exhibit better nitrogen content and oxygen balance, but their material densities and detonation performance are less competitive. Through the analysis of CL-20 cocrystal explosives, it is theoretically suggested that enhancing HB strength, instead of introducing more hydrogen atoms to increase HB amount, could be useful to improve crystal stability of cocrystal explosives. This strategy can simultaneously meet the requirement of oxygen balance and nitrogen content in resulting satisfactory detonation performance of cocrystal explosives.

14 Development of Microfluidic Synthesis and Preparation of Energetic Materials

ZHU Peng

2022, 30(5):415-416. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022070

[Abstract](677) [HTML](438) [PDF 371.75 K](10627)

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15 Research Progress and Applications of Energetic Coordination Compounds

QI Xuan , HAN Xiao-li , WAN Zao-yan , ZHANG Lin , YI Zhen-xin , ZHU Shun-guan

2022, 30(3):276-288. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021118

[Abstract](1072) [HTML](561) [PDF 2.02 M](10392)

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Energy Coordination Compound （ECC） has become one of the research hotspots in recent years because of its diverse Coordination modes between different metal elements and ligands， and it is expected to obtain energetic materials with highly adjustable properties. In this paper， the ways and types of assembling ECC with different ligands are reviewed， and the applications of ECC and its functional materials as initiators， propellant catalysts， flammable agents and oxidants of thermite， pyrotechnics colorants are reviewed. Studies have shown that the energetic complexes formed after the coordination of different metal ions and nitrogen-rich ligands show great potential in the field of new energetic materials， and can meet the requirements of energy， sensitivity and other properties through the change of the type and number of ligands. The law of ECC synthesis is summarized and how to improve the energy characteristics and expand the application in the future is prospected.

16 Combustion Performance of Solid Propellant Based on New Fluorocarbon Binder

YAO Qi-fa , MAO Chao-chao , SHAO Yu-ling , XIA Min , LUO Yun-jun

2022, 30(8):804-810. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022113

[Abstract](603) [HTML](355) [PDF 1.33 M](10362)

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The agglomeration of condensed phase during the combustion process of propellant is one of the main reasons for energy loss and nozzle ablation， and the introduction of fluorine into propellant is considered to be an effective way to solve the agglomeration. In order to solve the condensed phase agglomeration of aluminum， a fluoroalcohol compound was introduced into the traditional HTPE propellant， and it was integrated into the binder cross-linked network through the curing reaction to form a solid propellant based on a novel fluorocarbon binder. Thermogravimetric （TG） and laser ignition were used to characterize the thermal decomposition and the burning intensity of the propellant. The combustion surface flame morphology and particle size distribution of combustion condensed phase products were characterized by scanning electron microscope （SEM） and EDS. The results show that the weight loss of the propellant after adding PFD still includes three main stages， but PFD will cause the decomposition of RDX in the propellant to be delayed by 15-20 ℃.Moreover， the fluorine-containing segment will completely decompose and lose weight before 250 ℃. Compared with the blank propellant sample， the propellant containing PFD has higher burning brightness at the same ignition time. With the increase of PFD， the intensity of the combustion flame of the propellant sample increases significantly， and the flame jet is more intense. The average particle size of condensed phase products decreased gradually from 5.13 μm （1%PFD） to 1.04 μm（5%PFD）.

17 A Device for the Determination of the Heat of Combustion of Small Mass and the Measurement of the Heat of Combustion of Several Typical Energetic Materials

GUO Jin-kun , JIN Bo , CHU Shi-jin , PENG Ru-fang

2022, 30(7):641-647. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022073

[Abstract](634) [HTML](310) [PDF 907.52 K](10301)

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In order to establish a precise combustion heat measurement system and method suitable for energetic materials， a method and device for measuring the heat of combustion of energetic materials with tiny doses has been developed. This device is based on the thermal principle of differential heat flux and uses a three-dimensional thermopile consisting of 960 pairs of thermocouples as the core measuring element. The device was calibrated by using standard material benzoic acid. The heat of combustion of six typical energetic materials， including cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine， hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane， cyclotrimethylene trinitramine， 3，4-bis（3-nitrofurazan-4-yl）furoxan， 1，1-diamino-2，2-dinitroethylene and nitroguanidine， was measured by this device. The results show that the calorimetric coefficient of the instrument is （64.804±0.071） μV·mW^-1 and the corresponding relative uncertainty is 0.109%. The solid-phase standard molar heats of combustion （Δ_cU） of these six energetic materials at 298.15 K are -（2749.1±4.5）， -（3593.6±6.0）， -（2115.2±3.4）， -（3040.8±4.8）， -（1211.4±2.3） and -（898.4±2.0） kJ·mol^-1， respectively. The measurement results are in good agreement with the values reported in the literature， indicating that the developed small-mass combustion measurement device can be widely used in the determination of the energy of combustion of substances containing C， H， O， and N， especially precious samples and explosive substances.

18 Theories and Methodology of High Temperature Accelerated Test for Composite Solid Propellants （Ⅰ）： The Applicability of Arrhenius Equation

CHI Xu-hui , PENG Song , ZHAO Cheng-yuan , YANG Gen , ZHANG Feng-tao , CAO Rong

2022, 30(8):853-860. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022115

[Abstract](731) [HTML](207) [PDF 828.49 K](10127)

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The Arrhenius equation has been widely used as kinetics model for predicating aging property and shelf life of polymer materials by extrapolating high temperature accelerated test data. However， the suitability of the equation to composite solid propellants was questioned. Therefore the application history of the Arrhenius equation on aging of composite solid propellants has been reviewed. By combing the theoretical evolution process of Arrhenius equation， physical meaning of the equation parameters was clarified， and the misunderstanding on the equation was revealed. Theoretical analysis shows that only one of the two parameters （frequency factor and activation energy） is relative to temperature in the Arrhenius equation， and the parameters can be regarded as constants to solid propellants aged between the highest acceleration temperature allowed by current industry-standard and room temperature. The following conditions should be met to apply the Arrhenius equation： 1） it can be considered as the same aging mechanism in the range of temperatures involved in， 2） it has similar aging levels at the deadline of different acceleration temperatures， and 3） it has a parameter k with physical meaning of rate constant exactly. Mathematical models with logarithmic time are unsuitable to fit performance-time relationship， while those with logarithmic performance are suitable.

19 A Review on Damage Assessment of Target Hit by Missile Warhead

ZHAI Cheng-lin , CHEN Xiao-wei

2021, 29(2):166-180. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2020316

[Abstract](1330) [HTML](1681) [PDF 1.35 M](10122)

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With the deepening and development of the concept of long-range operations， long-range strike of missile has become an indispensable part of modern warfare. Therefore， the damage assessment of target hit by missile warhead has been the focus of damage research in recent years. Research of damage assessment in the process of missile warhead striking the target are summarized from four aspects： damage assessment model of target， main subjects in damage process， damage of classified targets， and methods of damage assessment， respectively. Problems such as non-standard judgment of damage degree， unclear relationship of damage mapping and inaccurate solution of damage probability in current stage are pointed out. According to the insufficiency of current study， some suggestions are proposed for the research in the future， which can provide reference for the investigations in the related fields.

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