Most downloaded articles

1 Properties of Ammonium Nitrate Explosives and their Function in the Blasting Engineering

LU Ming

2002, 10(3):142-144.

[Abstract](2753) [HTML](176) [PDF 847.48 K](49373)

Abstract:
The main ammonium nitrate explosives produced in China, and a tendency for the improvement of industrial explosives in China are discussed. The properties of ammonium nitrate explosives and their function in the blasting engineering are studied, and the suggestions on selecting proper ammonium nitrate explosives in the blasting operation are offered .

2 Theoretial Study on Structure and Properties of Polycyclic Derivatives of 1,2,4,5-Tetrazine Based High Energy Density Materials

ZHANG Chi , CHEN Mo , CHEN Xiang , ZHANG Cong , SONG Ji-rong , MA Hai-xia

2017, 25(4):273-281. DOI: 10.11943/j.issn.1006-9941.2017.04.002

[Abstract](2556) [HTML](84) [PDF 826.75 K](14657)

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The geometrical structures, front orbital energies and enthalpies of formation (ΔH_f) of 14 kinds of 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine polycyclic ring derivatives were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and wB97/6-31+G^** basis set level. The detonation performances of these derivatives were estimated by Kamlet-Jacobs equation. The thermodynamic properties of these compounds at different temperatures from 200K to 800K were obtained by statistic thermodynamics. The detonation properties and heat of formation of these 1, 2, 4, 5-tetrazine derivatives were also compared. Results show that the detonation velocity (D) and detonation pressure (p) have good linear correlation with the numbers of nitrogen, and their ΔH_f are between 527.49 kJ·mol^-1and 1122.53 kJ·mol^-1 and the detonation velocities are between 5.59 and 8.65 km·s^-1. The values of the standard heat capacity (C_{p, m}), standard molar entropy (S_m) and the standard enthalpy (H_m) gradually increase with the temperature. The compounds T7(C₂N₇H₂) and T72(C₂N₁₀H₂) may be considered as potential candidates for energetic materials.

3 Energetic Express--2018No1

王敏敏

2018, 26(1):1.

[Abstract](5998) [HTML](102) [PDF 612.05 K](12065)

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4 ABOUT THE MECHANISM OF SHOCK WAVE INDUCED CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Xu Kang

1993, 1(1):8-10.

[Abstract](2815) [HTML](322) [PDF 2.78 M](11436)

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A prelimnary discussion on the mechanism of chemical reactions in condensed matter induced by strong shock waves was given.Between the mechanisms suggested in literature,the“pressure induced electron activation”mechanism is believed to be the best one,which can reflect the nature of these reactions to some extent.Up to now,no direct verification has been obtained,nevertheless there exist some experimental facts supporting this mechanism,which were briefly described in this paper.

5 X-ray Diffraction Study of Single-base Propellant Ageing

Radi Ganev , Ivan Glavchev

2001, 9(1):28-30.

[Abstract](11439) [HTML](486) [PDF 820.08 K](10944)

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Ageing of single-base propellants, extending over a storage period of more than 50 years, was investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. X-ray degree of crystallinity and interplanar spacing were determined. Analysed was the effect of nitrogen content, degree of substitution ( DOS) and diphenylamine ( DPA) content on structural changes in propellants.

6 Experimental Research of the Influence of Adding RP on Smoke Characteristic of Modified HC

ZHOU Zun-ning , PAN Gong-pei , LI Yi , GUAN Hua

2002, 10(3):128-131.

[Abstract](2879) [HTML](217) [PDF 1.31 M](10501)

Abstract:
Based on modified HC, the influence of red phosphorus（RP）content on smoke spectrum transmissivity, initial concentration, settling velocity and particle size distribution is studied. Smoke chamber experiment results show that when RP content is 0% ,the average infrared spectrum transmissivity is 22.4% with smoke in 8~14 μm; when RP content is 10% ,the average infrared spectrum transmissivity is reduced to 7.8% in the same smoke region.

7 Theoretical Study on Improvement Strategy of Crystal Stability and Detonation Energy of Cocrystal Explosive

LI Chong-yang , HUANG Yong-li , SUN Chang-qing , ZHANG Lei

2020, 28(9):854-860. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2020020

[Abstract](781) [HTML](465) [PDF 1.52 M](9520)

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The calculations of the crystal structures, in-crystal intermolecular interactions, physicochemical properties, crystal stability and detonation performance for 16 reported cocrystal explosives were carried out to explore their effect on crystal stability and detonation performance of cocrystal explosives. We show that the crystal stability of the cocrystal explosives is mainly determined by the hydrogen bonding (HB) amount when the HB strength is less than 21 kJ·mol^-1. When the HB strength is more than 21 kJ·mol^-1, the crystal stability of the cocrystal explosives is mainly determined by the HB strength. Compared to traditional single-component explosives, the reported 16 cocrystals exhibit better nitrogen content and oxygen balance, but their material densities and detonation performance are less competitive. Through the analysis of CL-20 cocrystal explosives, it is theoretically suggested that enhancing HB strength, instead of introducing more hydrogen atoms to increase HB amount, could be useful to improve crystal stability of cocrystal explosives. This strategy can simultaneously meet the requirement of oxygen balance and nitrogen content in resulting satisfactory detonation performance of cocrystal explosives.

8 Thoughts on the Development of the Initiating Explosive Materials

ZHANG Jian-guo , LI Zhi-min , ZHANG Lu , LU Zu-jia

2022, 30(4):291-293. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022063

[Abstract](625) [HTML](651) [PDF 451.69 K](9414)

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9 Advances in Biosensors-based Trace Explosives Detection

WANG Zi-han , LIU Wei , SHI Ling-yan , HE Xuan , CUI Sheng

2022, 30(10):1047-1054. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021277

[Abstract](402) [HTML](209) [PDF 2.52 M](9366)

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Explosive TNT is the most important weapon energy source in military activities. It not only has a powerful damaging effect， but also has chemical toxicity. Even a trace amount of TNT will pose a serious threat to the natural environment and human health. Therefore， the development of trace explosive detection technology with high sensitivity， high accuracy and fast response has far-reaching research significance for protecting the ecological environment and maintaining human health. Among many trace detection technologies， biosensing technology has the advantages of good selectivity， simple synthesis， fast response and high sensitivity， and has good application prospects. This paper reviews the research progress of biosensor technology in the detection of trace explosives in recent years， focusing on the advantages and limitations of five types of biosensors： antibody immunity， peptides， aptamers， enzymes and multi-parameter loading. Among them， the sensor prepared based on aptamer has good affinity and specificity for explosive molecules， the detection limit is 1000 times lower than other types of sensors， and has good stability， easy modification and modification， and strong structural expansion ability. Future research will focus on the construction of high-throughput trace explosives sensing systems based on bioreceptor components such as aptamers， combined with neural network algorithms and machine learning to construct biosensors with multiple detection and bionic remote sensing properties.

10 Research Progress on Organic Energetic Burning Rate Catalysts for Solid Propellants

TAN Bo-jun , DUAN Bing-hui , REN Jia-tong , LU Xian-ming , MO Hong-chang , LIU Ning

2022, 30(8):833-852. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022033

[Abstract](808) [HTML](324) [PDF 1.83 M](9297)

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Energetic burning rate catalyst is a hot research direction in the field of solid propellant in recent years. The application research progress and development trend of energetic combustion-rate catalysts in solid propellants were reviewed from the following four categories： monometal-organic framework type， bimetal based multi-functional type， molecular supported type and other types. It was pointed out that the catalytic effect of mono-metal-organic frame type burning rate catalyst is relatively simple， and the catalytic effect is better when combined with other metal salts. Bimetal based multi-functional combustion rate catalysts have excellant catalytic performance and potential application prospects. Molecular supported burn rate catalysts are still in the preliminary exploration stage， and their preparation and application have become one of the development directions of burning rate catalysts. The application of other new energetic burning rate catalysts should be strengthened. Finally， the main research directions in the future were suggested as following： green and environmental protection， high energy and low sensitivity， and nano and multi-functional composite. Burning rate catalysts containing heavy metals will have adverse effects on the environment， and the development of green and environmental protection burning rate catalysts has become an inevitable trend. The energy loss of propellant can be reduced by giving certain energy characteristics to burning rate catalysts. High energy and low sensitivity have become an important direction of burning rate catalysts. Nanocrystallization of energetic burning rate catalysts is always an effective way to improve the catalytic activity of catalysts. Burning rate catalysts with multiple functions will be the development trend in the future.

11 Effects of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Black on Sensitivity Performances of BNCP

CHEN Li-kui , SHENG Di-lun , YANG Bin , ZHU Ya-hong , XU Min-Hao , PU Yan-li , LI Zhao-Xin

2013, 21(1):35-38. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2013.01.008

[Abstract](3396) [HTML](63) [PDF 630.52 K](9028)

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Sensitivities to heat, laser, impact, friction, flame and electrostatic spark for tetraamnine bis(5-nitrotetrazolato) cobalt(Ⅲ) perchlorate (BNCP) and BNCP doped with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon black(CB) were measured and studied by DSC, laser sensitivity test and standardization methods GJB5891.22, 24, 25, 27-2006. Results show that (1) CNTs and CB make the semiconduction laser initiation threshold value of BNCP decrease; (2) the 50% ignition threshold values of BNCP doped with 5% CNTs and 5% CB are 13.76 mJ and 5.06 mJ, respectively; (3) the peak temperature of main exothermic decomposition reaction at a heating rate of 10 ℃·min^-1 for BNCP, BNCP/CNTs 10-20 nm mixture and BNCP/CB mixture are 289.87 ℃, 277.75 ℃ and 276.67 ℃, respectively; (4) the sensitivity decreases in the order BNCP > BNCP/CNTs > BNCP/CB for impact and flame sensitivity, BNCP/CB > BNCP/CNTs > BNCP for friction sensitivity, and BNCP/CB > BNCP > BNCP/CNTs for electrostatic spark sensitivity.

12 Rheological Properties and 3D Printing of a Modified-HTPB Solid Propellant

SHI Yu , REN Quan-bin , HUANG Pu , WANG Kai , WANG Wei , CAO Cheng-shuo , SHI Ke , FU Xiao-meng , WANG Fang , LI Wei , WANG Yan-wei

2022, 30(8):826-832. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022043

[Abstract](384) [HTML](221) [PDF 1.58 M](8856)

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The rapid development of additive manufacturing technology provides an effective way for the flexibility and adaptability of traditional solid propellant casting molding， however， to meet the requirements of the casting， the thermosetting solid propellants with good fluidity could not deposite layer by layer. In order to realize the additive manufacturing， the hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene （HTPB） was modified by adding a small amount of styling aids. The rheological properties of the modified-HTPB and slurry made by using the modified-HTPB were studied. The rheological curve test results show that apparent viscosity and viscous flow activation energy of the modified-HTPB increase significantly with the decrease of temperature. The rheological property of the modified-HTPB solid propellant slurry is consistent with Herschel-Bulkley equation， and the fluidity of modified-HTPB solid propellant slurry increases with the increment of temperature. Besides， the slurry possesses high storage modulus（G′＞10⁴ Pa） and small loss tangent（ω＜10 rad·s^-1，G″/G′＜0.5） at ambient temperature， showing a low fluidity. A small amount of styling aids has little effect on the thermal decomposition behavior of the propellant， which promotes the 3D printing of the modified-HTPB solid propellant .

13 Research on Nano-Composite Energetic Materials

YU Wei-fei , HUANG Hui , NIE Fu-de , ZHANG Qi-rong , LI Hai-bo , LI Jin-shan

2005, 13(5):340-343.

[Abstract](4186) [HTML](248) [PDF 1.09 M](8678)

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Nano-composite energetic materials research were reviewed including the preparation technologies of sol-gel method,solvent/non-solvent method,energetic ball milling method and porous metal/filler method. The experiment examples,detailed peculiarity and mutual relations of the methods were described. It is concluded that nano-composite energetic materials researches can unfold a novel way for energetic materials and improve their safety during storage and application compared to nano powders. The nano-composite energetic materials preparation theory and practice should be promoted to enrich and develop the energetic materials.

14 Development of Microfluidic Synthesis and Preparation of Energetic Materials

ZHU Peng

2022, 30(5):415-416. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022070

[Abstract](575) [HTML](412) [PDF 371.75 K](8475)

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15 Synthesis Technique of 2-Methyl-6-nitroaniline

QI Lei , PANG Si-ping , SUN Cheng-hui

2009, 17(1):4-6.

[Abstract](3198) [HTML](180) [PDF 835.64 K](8340)

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The synthesis technique of 2-methyl-6-nitroaniline was studied. In previous method, acetylation and nitration of 2-methylaniline were completed in one pot, but the nitration reaction temperature was difficult to be controled. To improve the method, the acetylation and nitration were detached into two parts. The structure of the product, its by-product and its intermediate were characterized by IR,NMR and MS. The results show that the temperature of nitration process can be controlled easily,and the yield is 59.4% and the purity is up to 99.68%.

16 A Device for the Determination of the Heat of Combustion of Small Mass and the Measurement of the Heat of Combustion of Several Typical Energetic Materials

GUO Jin-kun , JIN Bo , CHU Shi-jin , PENG Ru-fang

2022, 30(7):641-647. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022073

[Abstract](523) [HTML](285) [PDF 907.52 K](8315)

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In order to establish a precise combustion heat measurement system and method suitable for energetic materials， a method and device for measuring the heat of combustion of energetic materials with tiny doses has been developed. This device is based on the thermal principle of differential heat flux and uses a three-dimensional thermopile consisting of 960 pairs of thermocouples as the core measuring element. The device was calibrated by using standard material benzoic acid. The heat of combustion of six typical energetic materials， including cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine， hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane， cyclotrimethylene trinitramine， 3，4-bis（3-nitrofurazan-4-yl）furoxan， 1，1-diamino-2，2-dinitroethylene and nitroguanidine， was measured by this device. The results show that the calorimetric coefficient of the instrument is （64.804±0.071） μV·mW^-1 and the corresponding relative uncertainty is 0.109%. The solid-phase standard molar heats of combustion （Δ_cU） of these six energetic materials at 298.15 K are -（2749.1±4.5）， -（3593.6±6.0）， -（2115.2±3.4）， -（3040.8±4.8）， -（1211.4±2.3） and -（898.4±2.0） kJ·mol^-1， respectively. The measurement results are in good agreement with the values reported in the literature， indicating that the developed small-mass combustion measurement device can be widely used in the determination of the energy of combustion of substances containing C， H， O， and N， especially precious samples and explosive substances.

17 Flow and Casting Process Simulation of Unsaturated Polyester Coating Layer

ZHANG Yu-lu , LIU Ben-ben , CHEN Guo-hui , CAO Bei-bei , HE Ji-yu , LI Xiang-mei , YANG Rong-jie

2022, 30(11):1106-1127. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2022045

[Abstract](361) [HTML](212) [PDF 6.01 M](8303)

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The new challenge to the existing coating layer process was put forward by the development of solid rocket motor technology. In recent years， thermosetting resin as the matrix was used， combined with continuous automatic coating technology， the popular coating production method of coating layer lies in whether complete molding and excellent performance can be obtained quickly. The flow properties and casting condition of unsaturated polyester （UPR） coating layer were studied. The chemical rheological model of the UPR coating layer during continuous automatic manufacturing is obtained by introducing exponential function based on Kinua-Fontana model. The functional relationship of viscosity versus time and temperature of cured UPR is established. The suitable temperature for casting operation was obtained. The filling volume fraction distribution， flow rate distribution and weld line position of coating layer were predicted by introducing of POLYFLOW simulation software， which the constitutive equations is established on the base of Bird-Carrea power-law equation. The casting process was simulated at the constant rate and pressure， respectively. The results show that the casting temperature is below 35 ℃， the casting pressure is more than 1 MPa， and the inlet flow rate is more than 150 mm³·s^-1 and less than 175 mm³·s^-1 in the coating layer casting process.

18 Research Progress and Applications of Energetic Coordination Compounds

QI Xuan , HAN Xiao-li , WAN Zao-yan , ZHANG Lin , YI Zhen-xin , ZHU Shun-guan

2022, 30(3):276-288. DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2021118

[Abstract](791) [HTML](527) [PDF 2.02 M](8280)

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Energy Coordination Compound （ECC） has become one of the research hotspots in recent years because of its diverse Coordination modes between different metal elements and ligands， and it is expected to obtain energetic materials with highly adjustable properties. In this paper， the ways and types of assembling ECC with different ligands are reviewed， and the applications of ECC and its functional materials as initiators， propellant catalysts， flammable agents and oxidants of thermite， pyrotechnics colorants are reviewed. Studies have shown that the energetic complexes formed after the coordination of different metal ions and nitrogen-rich ligands show great potential in the field of new energetic materials， and can meet the requirements of energy， sensitivity and other properties through the change of the type and number of ligands. The law of ECC synthesis is summarized and how to improve the energy characteristics and expand the application in the future is prospected.

19 Progress in High-nitrogen Energetic Materials Derived from Tetrazine and Tetrazole

YANG Shi-qing , YUE Shou-ti

2003, 11(4):231-235.

[Abstract](14881) [HTML](309) [PDF 1.20 M](8150)

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The research developments of high-nitrogen energetic materials are reviewed. The synthesis and properties of some new compounds derivated from tetrazole and tetrazine,especially 3,6-dihydrazino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine(DHT),3,3′-azobis(6-amino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine)(DAAT),3,6-bis (1H-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-5-yl-amino) -1,2,4,5-tetrazine(BTATz) and 5,5′-bitetrazole(BHT) are discussed. Because of their much more positive heats of formation and higher density，these high-nitrogen compounds are unique in their gas generating ability with a little or without smoke and produced residue. They may have a great future for applications in insensitive explosives,low signature propellants,gas generants and low-smoke pyrotechnics.

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