WANG Ru-yao , LI Jun-wei , WANG Xiao-dong , CAO Jun-wei , LI Qiang , WANG Ning-fei
Online: July 25,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025056
Abstract:To optimize the combustion performance of solid propellants and enhance the combustion stability of solid rocket motors (SRMs), an integrated combustion response model for four?component hydroxyl?terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant with microcosmic heterostructure is established. The improved combustion model that considers the microstructure of four?component propellants is developed based on the heterogeneous quasi one-dimensional (HeQu1?D) framework, incorporating both the micro-scale heterogeneous structure and the unsteady heat transfer process. The model is well verified against experimental data from T-burner tests, with a maximum error of 5.34% in combustion response. Furthermore, the effects of component content distribution, particle sizes, and external environmental conditions are investigated under a working pressure of 12 MPa and excitation frequencies ranging from 250 to 2000 Hz. The results demonstrate that adjusting the particle sizes of AP and NA can significantly alter the propellant's combustion response characteristics, where smaller AP particles combined with larger NA particles are more conducive to stable combustion. Regarding composition content, increasing the relative proportion of AP helps reduce the pressure?coupled response function of propellant. When 10% of AP is replaced with RDX, the pressure?coupled response function exhibits a peak?value increase of 0.15 accompanied by a 25 Hz reduction in peak frequency. More pronounced effects are observed with HMX, where the same 10% of AP replacement leads to a greater peak value enhancement of 0.43 and a more substantial peak frequency decrease of 85 Hz. This work contributes to understanding the mechanism of combustion instability and provides guidance for efficient optimization of propellant formulations.
FAN Chao , LI Bo-hao , ZHANG Peng-chao , WEI Zong-liang , QIN Neng , MA Ning , XIE Zhong-yuan
Online: July 25,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025055
Abstract:To enhance the understanding of safety of multi-chamber mixing processes, a multiphase flow CFD numerical model based on the Eulerian method was established for the continuous mixing of multi-component materials in a multi-chamber kneader, taking a cast polymer bonded explosive (PBX) as the object. Experimental verification was conducted to confirm the reliability of the model. Based on the model, the influence laws of key process and structural parameters including blade rotation speed, kneading clearance and blade profile on the mixing safety stimulus were studied. The results show that the pressure level gradually decreased from the feeding chamber to the discharging chamber. Increasing the blade rotation speed was beneficial for reducing the pressure in the chambers, but the shear stimulus significantly increased. As the blade rotation speed increased from 15 r·min-1 to 75 r·min-1, the peak pressure in the kneader decreased from 402966 Pa to 258107 Pa, and the peak shear stress increased from 6268.5 Pa to 16607.9 Pa. Increasing the kneading clearance significantly reduced the pressure and shear stress in the chambers. As the kneading clearance increased from 1 mm to 5 mm, the peak pressure in the kneader decreased from 391094 Pa to 284478 Pa, and the peak shear stress decreases from 8320.5 Pa to 3982.6 Pa. Compared with the two-wing-two-wing blades, four-wing-two-wing blades produced stronger shear stimulus due to more kneading sites, but the blade profile had a smaller impact on the kneading pressure. When the four-wing-two-wing blades and two-wing-two-wing blades were used in chambers 1-7, the peak shear stresses in the kneader were 7481.3 Pa and 4518.1 Pa, respectively.
QIN Yuan , PU Rui , TU Long-xiao , YAN Qi-long
Online: July 25,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025053
Abstract:To enhance the mechanical properties of HTPB four-composite solid propellants, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (A1130) and ureidopropyltriethoxysilane (A1160) were employed to modify the surface of HMX and qy-HMX, followed by their application in solid propellant formulation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscope (AFM) and thermal analysis (DSC-TG) were used to test the morphology, structure and performance of samples. The interfacial enhancement effects were systematically investigated using an electronic universal testing machine and dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) to assess mechanical properties and adhesion characteristics. Results demonstrate that the silane treatment forms continuous coating layers without changing the crystalline structure. Silane coating inhibits effectively the transformation of HMX, increasing the phase transition temperature of HMX@A1130 and HMX@A1160 to 193.9 ℃ and 201.4 ℃, which are 2.3 ℃ and 9.8 ℃ higher than that of raw HMX. The mechanical tests reveal significant improvements in propellant tensile strength across both high temperature (70 ℃) and low temperature (-50 ℃) conditions. Notably, A1130-modified propellant exhibits an enhanced tensile strength with the adhesion index reduced from 1.52 to 1.24 at -50 ℃/500 mm·min-1. The tensile strength of propellants modified with HMX@A1130 and HMX@A1160 increases by 29.9% and 31.6%, and the maximum elongation increase by 29.9% and 31.6%, respectively. DMA results show that the peak value of loss factor for the A1130-modified propellant decreases from 0.51 to 0.47, indicating a mitigation of the interfacial ‘dewetting’ phenomenon at low temperatures. The fracture surface morphology analysis results are in good agreement with the tensile test and DMA test. The addition of two silane coupling agents has a significant interfacial modification effect, and A11330 can inhibit the interfacial ‘dewetting’ on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene system.
LIU Chen-hao , ZHANG Lei , PANG Si-ping
Online: July 21,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025098
Abstract:As an emerging data-driven technology, machine learning provide a promising pathway for the intelligent research and development of energetic materials. However, data scarcity and heterogeneity have become the core bottleneck that restricts modeling accuracy and practical application. Focusing on the acquisition path and the existing of energetic material data, this review evaluates the mainstream data optimization strategies from two perspectives: quantity expansion and quality improvement. For data quantity expansion, recent advances in SMILES enumeration, generative adversarial networks, and transfer learning are introduced for enhancing model generalization ability. For data quality improvement, the roles of outlier detection, standardized preprocessing, and feature engineering in improving model robustness and interpretability are discussed. It is shown that effective data optimization can not only alleviate data limitations but also significantly enhance prediction stability and structural extrapolation capabilities under small-sample and structurally complex conditions. Finally, future directions are proposed, including the development of high-throughput experimental platforms, unification of data standards, and establishment of intelligent closed-loop systems. It is expected to provide a feasible roadmap and methodological reference for advancing the data ecosystem and intelligent design of energetic materials.
MA Jia-xu , FENG feng , DUAN Jia-ning , ZHANG xiao , GAO bo
Online: July 11,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025063
Abstract:In order to meet the dual constraint requirements of safety current and anti-electromagnetic radiation power of semiconductor bridge initiating explosive devices, based on GJB 344A-2020" General specification for insensitive electric initiators": Non-fire test standard, the electro-magnetic-thermal multi-physical field coupling model was constructed on COMSOL Multiphysics platform by numerical simulation method. By integrating the parallel shunt mechanism of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, the loop resistance was monitored in real time and the current input was dynamically compensated. The effects of thermal safety under three working conditions of constant current 1A, constant power 1 W and double constraints 1A1W were compared and analyzed. The results show that the power of 1 A constant current condition is only 0.78 W, which deviates from the standard by 22% because the loop resistance is reduced to 0.78 Ω. The initial current of 1W constant power condition is 0.91 A, which is lower than the safety threshold. The dynamic adjustment strategy realizes the coordinated stability of current and power through closed-loop control. The heat balance temperature of the bridge area is controlled at 449.06 K, and the shunt rate is increased from 29% to 41.26% compared with the 1A constant current condition, and the shunt rate is increased by 0.6% compared with the 1W constant power condition.
LIU Ding , ZHANG Yan , NIU Shi-yao , ZHAO Feng-qi , LI Si-heng , DONG Ying-nan , QU Wen-gang
Online: July 10,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025016
Abstract:The combustion process of energetic materials (EMs) is a complex multi-stage process. By studying their thermal decomposition and combustion reactions, establishing precise combustion reaction kinetics models enables effective prediction of the thermal behavior of EMs, which is of significant importance for their synthesis, production, transportation, storage, and practical application in modern weaponry and equipment. Compared to traditional EMs, third-generation EMs exhibit higher energy density, which imposes more stringent requirements on their thermal stability. This review summarizes recent advances in thermal properties and combustion research of third-generation EMs, including both ionic and covalent types. The current research status on thermal properties and combustion reactions of typical third-generation EMs is expounded from three perspectives: thermal decomposition profiles, decomposition pathways/mechanism, and combustion performance. It identifies the shortcomings of the current research and proposes the research direction of the thermal behavior of the third-generation energetic materials. It is proposed to construct a multi-scale coupled research system: high-precision measurement of combustion parameters via novel experimental apparatus, accurate diagnosis of combustion intermediates, and cross-scale modeling combining quantum chemistry-machine learning-fluid mechanics to achieve full-chain analysis from free-radical mechanisms to macroscopic flame propagation.
ZENG Xiao-yun , MU Hui-na , QIN Guo-sheng , WANG Yin , LI Xiao-gang
Online: June 18,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025043
Abstract:Aiming at the reliability evaluation of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequence, a reliability evaluation method based on fiducial inference method was proposed. This method fully considered the randomness characteristics of the energy transfer interface data. By constructing the probability distribution model of the performance parameters, the prior knowledge was organically combined with the test data, and the accurate evaluation and randomness quantification of the interface reliability were realized. Firstly, the reliability model of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequence was established. On this basis, the reliability evaluation algorithm framework based on fiducial inference was designed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, the evaluation results of the quantile correction method and the Monte Carlo method were compared and analyzed. The results show that when the sample size is 3 to 70, the deviation between the evaluation results based on the fiducial inference method and the true value is the smallest, demonstrating good convergence and stability. Especially when the sample size is less than or equal to 10, this method shows significant advantages, which effectively overcomes the dependence of traditional methods on sample amount, and provides a new method for the reliability evaluation of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequences.
Online: June 13,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025044
Abstract:Carotenoids, valued for their exceptional free radical scavenging properties and low biological toxicity, were systematically investigated as potential stabilizers for propellants. A comprehensive evaluation strategy, incorporating differential thermal analysis (DTA), methyl violet test strips, isothermal thermogravimetry, vacuum stability testing, and accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), was employed to assess their stabilizing effects. Four representative carotenoids-lycopene, β-carotene, xanthophyll, and astaxanthin, were examined for their stabilization performance in nitrocellulose (NC) and absorptive composition systems. All tested carotenoids demonstrated superior thermal stability compared to conventional stabilizers. Notably, astaxanthin exhibited the most significant enhancement: it prolonged the methyl violet discoloration time of NC by 40 min, reducing mass loss by 17.90%, decreased the maximum adiabatic decomposition temperature rise rate by 0.134 ℃·min-1, and lowered gas pressure release per unit mass by 12.0 kPa. In absorptive compositions, it extended the methyl violet discoloration time by 34 min while reducing mass loss by 14.18%. Free radical scavenging tests and intermediate structural analyses revealed the underlying stabilization mechanism: carotenoids effectively suppress autocatalytic decomposition via nitrogen-oxygen free radical capture, achieving nearly 90% scavenging efficiency at 8 mmol·L-1. Additionally, secondary derivatives formed during carotenoid degradation were free of nitrosamine groups, significantly reducing toxicological concerns.
DONG Ying-nan , JIANG Yi-fan , ZHAO Feng-qi , LI Si-heng , LIU Ding , QU Wen-gang
Online: June 11,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2024304
Abstract:The core‐shell structure can effectively suppress the large aluminum(Al) agglomerates produced by combustion of Al‐matrix composites, enhance the energy release efficiency of Al powder, and improve its ignition performance and combustion energy release characteristics. Based on the characteristics of core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites, an overview of the research progress was summarized. The commonly used preparation methods for core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites were discussed, effects of different compositions on the combustion performance, energy release efficiency and stability of these composites were analyzed. Furthermore, the potential applications and future development directions of core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites were outlined. Optimizing the preparation techniques for core‐shell structures to achieve large‐scale production, regulating the composition of the coating materials or constructing functional interlayers at the matrix‐coating interface can effectively improve the mass and heat transfer characteristics during the combustion process of Al‐matrix composites.
WANG Zhe-jun , ZHANG Yan-shen , QIANG Hong-fu , CHEN Jia-xing , WU Rui
Online: June 11,2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025049
Abstract:To investigate the creep mechanical properties of tri-component hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite solid propellant under different temperatures and stress levels, creep mechanical performance tests were conducted using a self-developed mechanical creep testing equipment, a temperature-humidity environmental chamber, and a high-definition camera. Tests were performed at environmental temperatures of 10 ℃, 25 ℃, 40 ℃ and 55 ℃, covering a stress range of 0.072 to 0.712 MPa . The strain-creep time curves were obtained, along with the variation patterns of typical mechanical property parameters with environmental temperature and stress level. A master curve for the creep rupture time, reflecting the propellant’s failure behavior under broad loading conditions, was established. The results indicate that, as the stress level increases, the characteristics of the propellant’s strain-creep time curve shift from three stages to four stages. Increasing environmental temperature reduces the critical stress level at which the four-stage curve characteristic exhibits, and this stress follows an exponential decay pattern, decreasing from 0.562 MPa at 10 ℃ to 0.262 MPa at 55 ℃ with a reduction ratio of 53.38%. The initial creep compliance increases with rising environmental temperature but remains almost unchanged with increasing stress level. When both environmental temperature and stress level increase, the creep rate increases, creep rupture time shortens, cumulative damage degree increases, and cumulative damage rate accelerates. In contrast, the fracture strain is primarily sensitive to changes in stress level and exhibits a linear increasing trend with increasing stress level. The creep rate under 55 ℃ and 0.412 MPa is approximately 493 times that under the same stress level at 10 ℃, and the creep rupture time is about 2.14% of that under the same stress level at 25 ℃. Finally, based on the double logarithmic test data of creep rupture time versus stress level under different environmental temperatures, and using the environmental temperature-stress level equivalence relationship, a master curve for propellant’s creep rupture time was established. At the same time, exponential mathematical expressions for this master curve and the temperature shift factor were obtained. Calculations using these expressions indicate that, to ensure a vertically stored SRM grain does not experience creep rupture failure within 15 years at 25 ℃, the loading stress level should be lower than 0.2176 MPa.
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