Abstract:2，4-Dinitroanisole （DNAN） has emerged as a novel insensitive melt-cast carrier explosive， serving as a practical and effective replacement for TNT in various applications. However， the conventional batch reactor synthesis method is plagued by several limitations， including prolonged reaction duration， excessive in-process inventory， and significant generation of byproducts， which collectively restrict its safe and efficient large-scale production. Consequently， developing advanced preparation processes has become imperative. This study investigates the synthesis of DNAN employing a reaction system comprising 2，4-dinitrochlorobenzene （2，4-DNCB）， methanol， and sodium hydroxide， with a particular focus on continuous flow technology and reaction kinetics. Through mechanistic simulations， a kinetic reaction model was successfully established. The experimental kinetic results indicate that the etherification of 2，4-DNCB follows second-order reaction kinetics， where the reaction rate is proportional to the product of the concentrations of 2，4-DNCB and NaOH. Key kinetic parameters were determined as follows： Activation energy （E_a）： 73.950 kJ·mol^-1. Pre-exponential factor （A₀）： 7.991×10¹⁰ L·mol^-1·s^-1.The effects of critical process variables—namely， reaction temperature， residence time， and molar ratio of reactants—on the product purity and yield were systematically investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were identified as： Reaction temperature： 90 ℃. Residence time： 1 min. Molar ratio （2，4-DNCB∶NaOH）： 1.6∶1. Under these optimized conditions， DNAN was obtained with a yield of 93.7% and a purity exceeding 99.99%. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation and practical methodology for the continuous and efficient production of DNAN.

Abstract:To address the issues of large in-process quantities and strict pot-life demands of slurry in traditional one-pot propellant slurry mixing， a static mixer mixing technique was designed and developed. In this technique， the pre-prepared binder slurry and curing agent slurry are stored separately in reservoirs， metered by screw pumps， extruded into a static mixer for blending， and then directly cast. Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） simulations were used to generate cloud images of the mixing process of a two-component slurry in a static mixer under typical conditions. A two-component curing system suitable for the static mixer mixing process was designed and synthesized. Based on this curing system， using K₂SO₄ and CaCO₃ as simulated oxidizers， a simulated oxidizer propellant with a solid content of 85% and without the addition of a bonding agent was prepared via the static mixer mixing process. The mechanical properties and microstructure of the propellant were characterized. Results indicate that the static mixer achieved homogeneous mixing of the two-component slurry. The resulting propellant exhibited a tensile strength of 0.4 MPa and an elongation at break of 37.5%， with a fracture surface that was dense and uniform， showing no cracks or voids. The static mixer mixing process offers advantages of small in-process quantity and no requirement for pot life of the slurry.

Abstract:To investigate the inhibition mechanisms of typical inhibitors on the thermal decomposition process of emulsion explosives containing FeS₂， the thermal decomposition behavior， gas products， solid products and thermal self-ignition behavior of emulsion explosives containing FeS₂ with typical inhibitors （NH₄H₂PO₄， CaCO₃ and ZnO） were studied by using TG-DSC， TGA-FTIR， XRD and a thermal spontaneous combustion experimental platform. The results indicate that the inert species generated during inhibitor decomposition effectively suppress the catalytic activity of FeS₂ toward the thermal decomposition of emulsion explosives， thereby reducing the reaction rate and increasing the apparent activation energy. The apparent activation energy of the emulsion explosive containing FeS₂， calculated via the Kissinger method， was determined to be 99.03 kJ·mol^-1. When NH₄H₂PO₄ serves as the inhibitor， the emulsion explosive exhibits the highest apparent activation energy （130.38 kJ·mol^-1）. Furthermore， all three inhibitors can effectively inhibit the formation of nitrogen oxides （NO₂ and N₂O） and react with Fe or S derived from FeS₂ to form thermally stable inert compounds. The inhibitors can also markedly extend the ignition delay period and reduce the combustion intensity， among which NH₄H₂PO₄ shows the most pronounced flame suppression performance.

Abstract:To expand the design range of micro-booster explosives， four fully liquid explosive inks were formulated by using benzotrifuroxan （BTF） as the main explosive with low detonation critical size characteristics and planar-like structure， nitrocellulose （NC） and glycidyl azide polymer （GAP） as binders， and ethyl acetate as the solvent. The BTF/NC/GAP energetic composites were constructed using inkjet printing technology. The microstructure， critical size of detonation， and detonation propagation performance of the composites were systematically investigated. Results show that the main explosives in BTF/NC/GAP composites exist in a flake-like structure with particle size mainly ranges from 1 to 10 μm. The composites have excellent energy storage properties and micro-scale detonation propagation capability， achieving over 90% of their theoretical energy output. The critical size of detonation reaches a minimum of 1 mm×0.102 mm （2% NC/GAP content）， while the maximum detonation velocity attains 8436 m·s^-1（5% NC/GAP content）. Moreover， the increased NC/GAP content induces a transition from nano- to micro-scale pores within the composites， enhancing the probability of hotspot formation and improving the efficiency of energy release. At 10% NC/GAP content， the ratio of experimental to theoretical detonation velocity peaks at 94.61%， demonstrating more complete energy release characteristics and stable detonation propagation.

Abstract:To support the structural design of ceramic composite inserts， a finite element computational model for projectile penetration into composite structures was established and its reliability was validated through experiments. Using this model， the process of a 7.62 mm armor-piercing incendiary projectile penetrating a composite structure was simulated. The anti-penetration characteristics， such as target plate failure and the retention effects during projectile penetration， were analyzed. The influence of bullet velocity， ceramic thickness and fiber thickness on the anti-penetration performance of the composite structure was studied. The study shows that there is a synergistic effect between ceramics and fibers during projectile penetration. The retention effect significantly impacts the anti-penetration performance of the ceramics- the lower the bullet velocity， the longer the retention time， and the higher the percentage of bullet kinetic energy dissipation. At a bullet velocity of 500 m·s^-1， the kinetic energy dissipation during the retention period is 68.4%. The specific energy absorption of the composite structure increases with the increase of material thickness， but the penetrating specific energy absorption of the composite structure initially rises and then decreases as material thickness icreases.

Abstract:Considering the constraints of small boreholes in deep wells on burst height and the influence of penetrating the perforating fluid， a typical deep-well charge-casing combination with an outer diameter of 139.70 mm and wall thickness of 9.17 mm casing， paired with a perforating gun with an outer diameter of 89.00 mm， was modeled using the mesh node method to establish a three-dimensional SPH model of the perforating bullet. The effects of the perforating charge''s burst height and jet inclination angle on penetration performance were analyzed. The study shows that t he mesh-node conversion method for SPH particle modelling results in more uniform particle distribution and smoother boundary particle arrangement compared to the mesh centered method. Under typical deep well oil casing and gun-bullet conditions， increasing the detonation height from 12 mm to 18mm reduced the maximum axial velocity by 7.72%， while further increasing it from 18 mm to 24 mm decreased the maximum axial velocity by 5.27%. At an inclination angle of 60°， the metal jet impact velocity was 6564 m·s^-1， whereas at 45°， it was 6283 m·s^-1， showing a 4.28% reduction. The differences in maximum energy and residual energy of the metal jets between the two inclination angles were relatively small， with variations of 1.05% and 2.5%， respectively.

Abstract:To investigate the quasi-static mechanical equivalence between HMX-based granular explosives （JO-8） and its substitute materials （Ba（NO₃）₂-based PBX and Na₂SO₄-based PBX）， quasi-static compression experiments were conducted on three types of explosive column sample using a self-developed micro-compression testing apparatus. Parameters fitting was performed on the stress-strain curves obtained from the experiment based on the concrete constitutive model. To further evaluate the mechanical equivalence between JO-8 and the substitute materials， quasi-static compression tests were performed on their internal crystalline single particles HMX， Ba（NO₃）₂， and Na₂SO₄. The results indicate that the quasi-static mechanical behavior of JO-8 explosive column is better characterized by the true stress-strain curve. The good agreement between the fitting data from the constitutive model and the experimental results verifies the effectiveness of the constitutive model. Based on the combined experimental results of the three types of explosive column and their internal single crystal particles， as well as the data analysis of the constitutive model， it reveals that Ba（NO₃）₂-based granular explosive exhibits mechanical properties comparable to JO-8 explosive under quasi-static compression conditions， compared with Na₂SO₄-based granular explosive.

Abstract:To investigate the reliability of electronic detonator control modules under impact initiation， a single-impact and superimposed-impact experimental system was constructed using concrete test blocks. By controlling equivalent explosive sources and equivalent spacing， the firing voltage range of the bridge wire was determined through the up-and-down method. The dynamic response of the electronic control module under impacts with varying hole spacings was analyzed. The findings indicate that temporary failures and permanent damage can be distinguished based on the bridge wire firing voltage range and the voltage drop at the delay termination. If the voltage falls into the unstable range （12.989-14.421 V）， the firing status must be further assessed based on the remaining voltage at the delay termination. Some capacitors experience continuous voltage decline after impact， increasing the risk of misfiring in long-delay detonation networks. The module’s layout analysis within the casing reveals that tantalum capacitors exhibit significantly better impact resistance on the front side compared to the side， while chip performance remains largely unaffected by impact direction. Additionally， a comparison with continuous impact experiments shows that superimposed impacts exacerbate capacitor discharge phenomena. As the interval time increases， the coupling effect between successive impacts weakens， allowing capacitors to achieve more complete recovery through internal self-healing mechanisms， thereby significantly enhancing charge retention under secondary impacts. When the interval time exceeds 200 ms， the voltage drop caused by the secondary impact decreases by approximately 60% compared to a 50 ms interval， markedly improving the firing reliability of electronic detonators.

Abstract:The reaction evolution process of shelled explosive charge structures under non-impact ignition conditions is highly complex， influenced by the coupling of multiple physical mechanisms such as crack propagation， gas-phase flow， and reaction propagation. To deeply reveal the laws of this reaction evolution， a calculation method for crack network expansion based on reaction pressure and the fracture toughness of the explosive matrix is proposed， targeting the coupled mechanism of crack propagation-gas-phase flow-reaction propagation. On this basis， combined with the energy conservation relationship during the reaction evolution process， a combustion crack network model for shelled explosive charges considering the physical mechanism of crack network formation is established. The accuracy of the model is verified by comparing and analyzing experimental results from existing studies. The model is used to investigate the formation of combustion crack networks， the dynamic expansion process， and the reaction-induced pressure rise behavior of the explosive charge during reaction evolution. It quantitatively reveals the coupling relationship between reaction pressure， combustion crack network area， and the average fragmentation size of the explosive matrix. Under typical working conditions of spherical charges with strong confinement， when the reaction pressure exceeds 1000 MPa， the degree of explosive fragmentation changes minimally with further increases in reaction pressure. The results show that confinement strength is a key factor determining crack propagation and pressure evolution during ignition reactions. Changing the charge size mainly affects the crack network area， while the initial ignition pressure has little impact on the final reaction outcome. In experiments with charges equipped with pressure relief holes， a phenomenon may occur where the competition between combustion-induced pressure buildup and pressure relief-induced depressurization reaches a stalemate.

Abstract:As the core foundation for applications such as passive interference， target indication， signal enhancement， destruction， illumination， increasing the rang， and counter-terrorism， the special effects of energetic materials play a crucial role in enhancing the combat capabilities， especially in improving the survival and penetration capabilities of military equipment in complex electromagnetic environments. The mechanism of the five special effects （light， sound， smoke， heat， and plasma） of energetic materials is reviewed systematically. The application status of passive interference products based on these effects in modern military fields such as the protection of important targets， aircraft self-defense， missile evasion， and ship protection is elaborated. Taking into account the development of weapons and equipment as well as the future war patterns， the application methods and development trends of special effects of energetic materials in land， sea， air， space， underwater and other fields are analyzed. It provides theoretical references and guidance for the application of special effects of energetic materials.