HU Rong-zu , GAO Hong-xu , ZHAO Feng-qi , XU Si-yu , ZHANG Hai , MA Hai-xia
2011, 19(1):5-7. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.002
Abstract:A formula describing the temperature response of materials heated by thermal effects of explosive detonation was derived. A numerical method of estimating the relation between temperature (T) and penetration depth (x) of materials was presented. With the help of the data of initial temperature,specific heat capacity,density and thermal conductivity of aluminum particle (system Ⅰ),3Fe3O4-8Al thermit particle (system Ⅱ) and aluminized explosive (59/20/20/0.5/0.5-RDX/AP/Al/binder/additive) particle (system Ⅲ),and temperature in detonation region and detonation stabilization time of nitromethane,the T vs x relation diagrams for systems Ⅰ-Ⅲ were constructed by numerical calculation using derived formula. The results show that under thermal effects in nitromethane detonation region the values of x arrived at ignition temperature of 2070 K for system Ⅰ,1209.15 K for system Ⅱ and 485.68 K for system Ⅲ is 1.053 μm,1.880 μm and 0.1905 μm,respectively,and the values of x arrived at original temperature (300 K) is 10.5 μm for system Ⅰ,9.6 μm for system Ⅱ and 0.6 μm for system Ⅲ.
Svatopluk Zeman , Ahmed Elbeih , Zbyněk Akštein
2011, 19(1):8-12. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.003
Abstract:A series of plastic explosives have been prepared with binders based on polyisobutylene (PIB), acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (ABR), viton A and using four nitramines, namely RDX (1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane), ε-HMX(ε-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocane), BCHMX(cis-1,3,4,6-tetranitro-octahydroimidazo-[4,5-d]imidazole) and ε-HNIW (ε-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane). Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) and three putty-plastic explosives based on PETN were used for comparison. Detonation velocities, D, impact and friction sensitivities of these explosives were determined. The relations of the friction sensitivity to impact sensitivity, and of both these sensitivities to the D2 term indicate that the mechanism of transfer of the friction force to the reaction centre of nitramine molecule should be different from that of impact energy transfer. Mutual comparison of the friction and impact reactivities of technical-grade and of “reduced sensitivity” grade of ε-HNIW led to the finding that the impact sensitivity distinctly depends on the crystal quality of nitramines, while in the case of friction sensitivity this dependence should not so pronounced. From the relationship between the determined D values and the loading densities of PBX containing the PIB and ABR binders, the D value of 9.800 mm?μs-1 at 2.04 g?cm-3 for ε-HNIW was found.
XUE Yun-na , YANG Jian-ming , WANG Xiao-hong , YU Qin-wei , LIAN Peng , LI Ya-ni , LAI Wei-peng , Lü Jian , XUE Yong-qiang
2011, 19(1):13-18. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.004
Abstract:The structure of 3,4-bis (3′-nitrophenyl-1′-yl) furoxan was estimated by a B3LYP method based on 6-31G(d,p) basis set and the stable geometric configuration and Wiberg bond order were obtained. Thermal decomposition mechanism of 3,4-bis (3′-nitrophenyl-1′-yl) furoxan was studied by means of simultaneous TG-DSC-FITR-MS. In the geometric configuration after optimization,the atoms of furoxan are in one plane and N—O coordination bond is similar to double bond because of conjugate. The bond order of the N—O single bond near N—O coordination bond is 0.8769. The initiation step of thermal decomposition is the cleavage of incited N—O single bond. Thermal decomposition mechanism of the title compound was supposed,namely at first,furoxan ring fission occured and produced some small molecular gas and nitrobenzol,then nitrobenzol decomposed by two routes that either free radical cleavage or isomerization to nitrosophenol.
GAO Yong , KE Chen-feng , LI Heng-dong , XIE Li-li , YUAN Yao-feng
2011, 19(1):19-22. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.005
Abstract:Three ferrocenyl nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds containing polar functionalities were designed and synthesized,and their structures were characterized by 1H NMR,IR and MS spectra. The thermal decomposition properties of AP with 5% (weight) of the titled compounds were investigated by differential thermalanalysis (DTA) and thermogravimetry (TG). Results show that the second exothermic peak temperature of AP is reduced by 89.10 ℃ and the temperature difference between the two exothermic peaks can be reduced to 25.82 ℃.
XIE Ming-zhao , FENG Xiao-qiong , HENG Shu-yun , WANG Xiao-hong , CHEN Zhi-qun , PAN Qing , WANG Ming , LIU Zi-ru
2011, 19(1):23-27. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.006
Abstract:The effects of two nano burning rate catalysts (nano lead 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate and nano lead phthalate) on thermal decomposition of double-based propellants were studied using TG-DSC-IR simultaneous techniques and combined solid reaction cell in-situ and RSFT-IR. The characteristic values for TG-DTG and DSC of the condensed phase and the gas products were measured in real time. Results show that the nano lead salt catalysts change on the characteristic values of the thermal decomposition,and shorten the decomposition course and accelerate the exothermic rating. The split of O—NO2 bond and framework in NC/NG component are facilitated. The relative quantities of CH2O,CO and CO2 (with negative forming heat ΔHof) produced from the decomposition of NC/NG components increase. Compared with the blank control propellant,the exothermic rating of the propellants with n-β-Pb and n-PhtP increase from 29.5 J?g-1?℃-1 to 31.1 J?g-1?℃-1 and 31.4 J?g-1?℃-1 respectively; the ratios of CH2O/NO2 increase from 1.77 to 2.45 and 2.60 respectively; the ratios of CO/NO2 increase from 0.071 to 0.079 and 0.090 respectively. The propellant with nano lead phthalate has the rapidest exothermic rating,and the largest relative quantity of CH2O and CO,and the highest burning rate too.
DU Shuan-li , WANG Jing-yu , HE Shuang , ZHU Jia-ping , REN Jun , HU Zhi-yong , CAO Duan-lin
2011, 19(1):28-32. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.007
Abstract:Aggregation morphology in aqueous solution on Gemini surfactants usable for emulsion explosive was simulated using the dissipative particles dynamics (DPD) of Material Studio 4.3. Results show that the effect of the structure of spacer group on the aggregation morphology of Gemini surfactants was obvious. The aggregation firstly was transformed from spherical micelles to rod-like micelles,then to lamellar with the increase of the concentration of surfactants. The large and compact micelle was easy to be formed as the increase of the length of hydrophobic carbon chain. When the length of carbon chain was shortened,the trimeric Gemini surfactant was more difficult to form micelles than dimeric Gemini surfactants. When the length of carbon chain was stretched,the trimeric Gemini surfactants was easy to form the rod-like micelles as well as the larger size micelles.
MEI Zhen-hua , ZENG Gui-yu , QIAN Hua , Lü Chun-xu
2011, 19(1):33-36. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.008
Abstract:In order to study the selfsensitizing structure characteristics of ammonium nitrate(AN) used for industrial ammonia dynamite,the pore structure characteristics(such as porosity,pore diameter,specific surface area and pore distribution) and particles shape were investigated by mercury injection method and scanning electric microscopy(SEM). Results show that there are lots of pores and the pore quantity whose size is within the effective hotspots range is much high in 1# expanded ammonium nitrate(1#EAN) sample,its selfsensitizing characteristic is obvious. In 2#EAN sample,there are also many pores,but the pore size is much smaller and the pore distribution is narrow. The 3#EAN sample is similar to the common AN,i.e. the porosity and face area are much less and the pore quantity whose size is within the effective hotspots range is also less.
ZHOU Xing , ZHANG Wei , LIU Xian-wei
2011, 19(1):37-41. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.009
Abstract:The reaction characteristics of magnesiumbased hydroreactive fuel with water vapor were studied in the visual combustion device. The combustion reaction process of the fuel and vapor times were obtained from the highspeed charge coupled device (CCD) photographs. The combustion temperature was measured by thermal couple embed in the fuel. The reaction process of magnesiumbased hydroreactive fuel with vapor consists two steps(fast and slow reaction). The time and degree at the end of the fast fuelvapor reaction step are the key factors to characterize the reaction of the fuel and vapor. The reaction rate decreases with increasing of the reaction time and degree. The reaction rate and degree of the fuel with vapor can be increased by greater mass ratio of oxidizer to binder,higher content of fine magnesium powder,and ferrous additive. However,both the reaction rate and degree of the fuel with vapor decrease with higher content of magnesium powder. The fuel with the content of magnesium upward 60% should have greater mass ratio of oxidizer to binder and higher content of fine magnesium powder on the premise of assuring its energy properties,technical properties and mechanical properties.
GAO Hong-quan , LU Fang-yun , WANG Shao-long , LUO Yong-feng , YAN Hua , LIU Zhi-yong
2011, 19(1):42-45. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.010
Abstract:Using a designed experimental device,explosion experiments of hydrocarbon with chlorine trifluoride in confined space were carried out,based on the analysis of the hydrocarbon and chlorine trifluoride reaction mechanism. The energy released from the reaction of hydrocarbon and chlorine trifluoride without oxygen was calculated based on experimental results. Results show that (1) The reaction of hydrocarbon and chlorine trifluoride accompanies an intense release of great deal of energy,so that part of the hydrocarbon is vaporized and dispersed,a violent deflagrating would be ignited once the vaporized hydrocarbon be mixed with the air. (2) The TNT equivalence of the explosion reaction of hydrocarbon and chlorine trifluoride without oxygen is about 1.8.
PANG Wei-qiang , FAN Xue-zhong
2011, 19(1):46-49. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.011
Abstract:An evaluation of fractal dimensions of both physical particle roughness and grain size distribution of agglomerated boron was determined. The relationship between the roughness and size distribution of boron agglomerate particles and the fractal dimension as well as rheological property of fuel-rich propellant were analyzed. The results show that the rougher the boron particles,the higher the corresponding fractal dimensions,and the higher the fragmentation fractal dimensions,the higher the relative percentage of fine boron particles in the size distribution. The fractal theory is applicable to quantify the irregularity of agglomerated boron particles surface and grain size distribution.
DING Biao , ZHANG Xu-dong , LIU Zhu-qing , LI Gao-chun
2011, 19(1):50-54. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.012
Abstract:Alternating temperature accelerated aging test was designed to ensure that accelerated aging could preferably simulate real world storage of HTPB propellant. Aging test was designed in the temperature range from -10 ℃ to 60 ℃ at three different rate of change(10 ℃/12 h,20 ℃/12 h,30 ℃/12 h). Mechanical properties of HTPB propellant aged for three different periods were measured and analyzed. The correlation between accelerated aging and real world storage was analyzed in terms of elongation. Results show that the tensile strength increased and the elongation decreased after accelerated aging,showing the same trend of real world storage. The mechanical properties of HTPB propellant is strongly influenced by the rate of temperature change,and alternating temperature accelerated aging test is consistent well with real world storage.
2011, 19(1):55-59. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.013
Abstract:For simulating the ignition transient in solid rocket motor (SRM) for high energy propellant,process of flame-spreading and the initial spreading speed of the gaseous phase or the solid phase are necessary. Two flame-spreading experiments for back-forward facing step grain were carried out where a testing method based on thermocouple target-line and optical measurement methods were used. Results show that upward region of the propellant surface is ignited by the flame-spreading process,backward region is ignited by the gas of the upward propellant burning,and the step bottom region is ignited at last. The time of ignition transient by the resistance wire is so long that the speed for the upward gas to the backward region when burning is 57.78 cm·s-1,while the speed of flame-spreading on the upward region is only 4.92 cm·s-1.
JI Xiao-song , WANG Hao , FENG Guo-zeng
2011, 19(1):60-64. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.014
Abstract:In order to solve the problem of ignition and flame spreading in axis of long-chamber charge in the large-caliber gun,a multi-point system was designed to research for charging the long charge-chamber of which the length is more than 3 meters. The high-speed camera was used to study the igniting consistency. Results show that C igniting is ignited in 4 ms,and the consistency is better than A and B igniter. The p-t curves in different lengths of multi-point ignition tube are measured,the results show that the p-t curves of two parts and four parts simulation equipment are almost superposition,the p-t curves ascend consistently before the diaphragm broke,with good igniting consistency. The feasibility and reliability of the technology in long-chamber charge are validated by the experiment.
HE Xiao-jun , XU Xia , DU Lan-ping , ZHAO Liang-you , Lü Lin
2011, 19(1):65-68. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.015
Abstract:In order to improve mechanical property of nitroamine propellant containing a large amount of high-energy solid filler,a certain amount of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) was added. Through low-temperature drop weight test,charpy impact test for impact-resistance measuring and the closed-bomb test,the mechanical property and static combustion performance of nitroamine propellant containing the thermoplastic elastomer were studied. Results show that thermoplastic elastomer is able to effectively improve low-temperature tenacity and impact-resistance strength of the nitroamine propellant,and burning rate of the nitroamine propellant can be decreased by about 10%,burning rate pressure exponent of the nitroamine propellant can be reduced by about 2%.
LU Kun , MA Zhong-liang , XIAO Zhong-liang
2011, 19(1):69-73. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.016
Abstract:The shape function of the layered propellant was established to study progressive combustion property. The four main factors,including the ratio of the thickness of the slow layer to initial thickness,the burning rate ratio of the fast layer to slow layer,the ratio of the thickness of propellant to the length of propellant,the content of DRX,posed effects on the progressive combustion property of the layered propellant. Using the parameters,they were calculated and analyzed according to the geometrical model and the shape function of propellant. The variation curves of combustion quality percentage,relative surface area with burned thickness percentage were obtained. Results show that the progressive combustion property of layered tubular propellant is better than that of layered sheet propellant.
LIAO Jing-lin , JIANG Jin-yong , LU Gui-e , CHANG Wen-ping , ZHAI Hong-chang
2011, 19(1):74-77. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.017
Abstract:The burning temperature of single-based (H100 and H130),SF (SF-3),modified double-based propellants (171-25 and GT) were calculated and measured at constant pressure. The difference between adiabatic flame temperature approximation calculationresult and measured result was compared. The calculation results are consistent with experimental results,the maximum flame temperatures of H130 and SF-3 propellant are 2215 K,2230 K. As the candidate of hot source,the double-based propellant is better than the single-based propellant. The colorimetric temperature measurement can not reflect the accurate temperature of modified double-based propellants.
ZHANG Jiang-bo , ZHANG Yu-cheng , LI Qiang , YAN Wen-rong , YAN Guang-hu , ZHAO Xiao-mei
2011, 19(1):78-81. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.018
Abstract:In order to study the burning rules of gun propellant in gun chamber,feasibility of microwave interferometer testing and ordinary testing was analyzed based on the classical interior ballistic theory,and a relative calculation method was proposed. p-t curves and muzzle velocity were considered as basic data by the ordinary testing method,however v-t curves was considered as basic data by the microwave interferometer testing method. The burning rate of gun propellant in gun chamber could be obtained by both methods. Results show that the calculated p-t curves are consistent with the p-t curves of testing. Under pressure between 80 MPa and 250 MPa,the range of burning rate is between 17 cm?s-1 and 29 cm?s-1 by ordinary testing method,and under pressure between 80 MPa and 250 MPa,the range between 8 cm?s-1 and 23 cm?s-1 by microwave interferometer testing method. The formula of gun propellant burning rate in gun chamber deviates far from the exponential function. The precision of microwave interferometer testing method is better than that of ordinary testing method.
DOU Zheng-wei , , LI Xiao-xia , ZHAO Ji-jin
2011, 19(1):82-85. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.019
Abstract:The expandable graphite prepared by chemical oxidizing process was mixed with CuO and Fe3O4,respectively,and then expanded at 900 ℃. The expanded volumes of the doped exfoliated graphite (EGs) were tested,and the IR screening characteristics of the doped EGs were tested by a static screening testing system. Results show that the expanded volume of CuO doped EG decreases from 245 mL·g-1 to 130 mL·g-1,and the correspongding shielding efficiency decreases from 78.4% to 48.3%. The expanded volume of Fe3O4 doped EG decreases to 190 mL·g-1,and its shielding efficiency decreases to 73.7%. The IR shielding efficiencies of the two doped EGs are both inferior to that of the EG.
QI Hai-tao , PAN Jun-jie , ZHANG Jing-lin , WANG Rui-hao
2011, 19(1):86-88. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.020
Abstract:Using NH3?H2O and Al2(SO4)3 as raw materials,the precursor of α-Al2O3 was prepared by spray-precipitation method. The nanometer α-Al2O3 powder with narrow distribution was obtained after washing,drying and calcining the precursor. The products were characterized by X-ray diffractometer(XRD),particle size analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FTIR). Results show that the product is α-Al2O3 powder,and its mean particle size is 30.9 nm,and its range of particle size is from 30.1 nm to 32.3 nm.
HOU Yi-feng , LIU Yu-cun , WANG Zuo-shan , LIU Feng , ZHANG Mei-jing
2011, 19(1):89-93. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.021
Abstract:Nanometer polycrystal zirconia powder of 11.5-16.5 nm was prepared by explosive detonation technique. The effects of gas oxidation temperature on the properties of the as-synthesized powder were studied by thermogravimetry (TG),differential analysis (DTA) and calcination experiment. X-ray diffraction (XRD),Raman spectrum and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the precursor and the as-synthesized product,respectively. The crystal phase composition of zirconia can be controlled through adjusting calcination temperature. The agglomeration problem of product was controlled through shortening growth time.
PENG Jia-bin , YANG Xue-gui , ZHANG Song-qiao , LI Zhe-yu
2011, 19(1):94-97. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.022
Abstract:A new kind of through bulkhead explosive initiator for oil well usage was designed in order to achieve stronger initiating ability in the air. Its initiating ability in the air was studied. The maximum air gap,through which the through bulkhead explosive initiator can initiate a secondary high explosive booster for oil well usage,is 85mm while the ones of a booster for oil well usage and a traditional through bulkhead explosive initiator initiating boosters for oil are 65 mm and 20 mm respectively. So the former is much stronger than the latter in the initiating ability in the air.
TIAN Hong-yuan , ZHOU Wen-jing , MA Ya-nan , ZHOU Cheng , SHANG Li-peng , WANG Lin
2011, 19(1):98-101. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.023
Abstract:The contact angles,surface free energies and dispersive,polar component of hexanitrostilbene (HNS),nitroguanidine(NQ) and the paste were determined and were calculated by the wicking permeation method and the Washburn equation. The surface free energy agrees well with the theoretical calculated result. The surface free energy of NQ is 58.31 mJ·m-2 and the dispersive component is the main parting of it. The dispersive component of NQ is 54.73 mJ·m-2. The surface free energy of HNS is 17.97 mJ·m-2. The dispersive component of HNS is 8.27 mJ·m-2. The polar component of HNS is 9.70 mJ·m-2. The surface free energy of paste is 21.96 mJ·m-2. The dispersive component of paste is 17.28 mJ·m-2. The polar component of HNS is 4.68 mJ·m-2.
HAN Min-yuan , ZHENG Jian-li , SONG Wen-ai , YANG Shun-min
2011, 19(1):102-105. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.024
Abstract:According to the requirements of the physical characteristics,the manufactural process and the manufactural safety for the powders,the capacitor method was selected on the basis of the comparison and analysis for all kinds of the methods for the on-line moisture-bearing powders. The experimental research was carried out for the powder of moisture content from 8% to 20% under different temperatures(100 ℃,150 ℃,200 ℃,250 ℃). Results show that the powder weight of the given capacity is monotonic decreasing and the powder capacitance is monotonic increasing while the moisture content is increasing. Therefore,the capacitor method for the moisture content powder has high sensitivity and the on-line testing technique is feasible. Finally,some manufactural suggestions for the engineering equipments were put forward.
2011, 19(1):106-112. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.025
Abstract:The thin-layer of composite solid propellant (TLCSP) is fabricated by coating the propellant slurry on a non-combustible tape and subsequently fast curing. This report presents a primary solution towards a high efficient instrument for measuring propellant burning rate based on TLCSP. It consist of combustion chamber,pressure/temperature control system,data acquisition and data processing system. The combustion chamber contains a 1650 mm length of TLCSP sample on which 1051 fuses with 1.50 mm apart each other are covered . There are three modes of pressure control including manual,stepped and linear type. Using manual mode,the pressure exponent of burning rate can be obtained only with one ignition,thus remarkably improving the measurement efficiency. Combining stepped and linear control modes,it is possible that the pressure function of burning rate can be determined. Furthermore,the applicability of pressure range can be checked when using current burning rate equations.
LIAO Lin-quan , ZHENG Ya , LI Ji-zhen
2011, 19(1):113-118. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.026
Abstract:The synthesis,properties and applications of 3-nitatomethyl-3-methyl oxetane (NIMMO) and its polymer (PNIMMO) are reviewed. With high energy,satisfied thermal stability and low mechanical sensitivity,PNIMMO can be used as a mature energetic binder in polymer bonded explosive(PBX),low vulnerability (LOVA) propellants and solid propellants. The low molecular weight linear polymers of PNIMMO can improve the mechanics characteristics of the binder system of PNIMMO in the condition of low temperature as plasticizer.
LI Zhi-min , , YIN Ming , ZHANG Jian-guo , ZHANG Tong-lai , SHU Yuan-jie , YANG Li , WU Bi-dong
2011, 19(1):119-120. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-9941.2011.01.027
Abstract:The crystal of tetrammine-cis-bis(5-nitro-2H-tetrazole-N2) cobalt (Ⅲ) perchlorate dihydrate was obtained and structurally characterized by applying Xray singlecrystal diffraction. Due to the presence of the two water molecules,a great amount of hydrogen bonds were formed,which linked the molecules together to a threedimensional neat structure,and the packing method various a lot contrast to the anhydrous BNCP.
Abstract:Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Abstract:Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Abstract:Institute of Chemical Materials, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials
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