Abstract:Cu₂Cr₂O₅/SiO₂ was prepared by the improved coprecipitation method. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface area analyzer (BET), and its catalytic effect on ammonium perchlorate was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results show that the particles is welldispersed, and larger specific surface area in comparison with pureCu₂Cr₂O₅, andCu₂Cr₂O₅/SiO₂composite particles make the temperature of the highertemperature exothermic peak of ammonium perchlorate decrease to 323.80 ℃. So the composite particles show good catalytic performance for the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate. And test of the burning rate shows that the composite particles increase the propellant burning rate by 17%, and the relative activity of catalyst increases by 49%, and the pressure index declines.

Abstract:The effects of three organic copper salts,such as copper 2,4-dihydroxybenzoate(β-Cu),copper 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate(NTO-Cu) and 2,4-dinitroimidazole copper(NI-Cu) salt on combustion characteristics and thermal decomposition of RDX-CMDB propellants were studied at different pressures. Results show that the effects of organic copper salts on the combustion and thermal decomposition characteristics values of RDX-CMDB propellants are obvious. The three organic copper salts can accelerate the thermal decomposition of RDX-CMDB propellants. β-Cu,NTO-Cu and NI-Cu can move up the first peak temperature about 1-4 ℃,and move up the second peak temperature about 5-11 ℃ of RDX-CMDB propellant. The burning rate and thermal decomposition characteristics values of the RDX-CMDB propellants increase with increasing of pressure. The burning rates of RDX-CMDB propellants are related to the thermal decomposition characteristics values of RDX-CMDB propellants at 1-10 MPa.

Abstract:Cu(4-ATz)₂Cl₂?H₂O was synthesized with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (4-ATz) and copper chloride dihydrate, and was characterized by elemental analysis, IR and melting point determination. The thermal behaviors and nonisothermal demposition reaction kinetics of the complex were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry and derivative thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) techniques. The results show that the mole ratio of metal to ligand is 12. The reaction mechanism of the main exothermic decomposition process of the complex is classified as chemical reaction and f(α)=32（1-α）［-ln(1-α)］^1/3, and the kinetic equation is obtained as: dα/dt=10^21.83×32（1-α）［-ln(1-α)］^1/3×exp(-2.75×104/T).

Abstract:By using the target-line method,the effects of solid content,aluminum content, ammonium dinitramide (ADN) content and particle size, burning rate catalyst and heat stabilizer on the combustion properties of PGN/ADN propellants were studied during the pressure from 3.0 MPa to 15.0 MPa. Results show that the burning rate of PGN/ADN propellants increases from 9.63 mm?s-1 to 26.71 mm?s-1, of which the pressure exponent increases from 0.49 to 1.05 when the diameter of ADN increases from less than 450 μm to 450-900 μm. On the other hand, the burning rate increases from 4.83 mm?s-1 to 12.18 mm?s-1, and the pressure exponent increases from 0.11 to 0.61 when the content of ADN increases from 0 to 30%. Aluminum had little effect on buring rate and pressure exponent. Burning rate increases 16.1% by adding Fe₂O₃ with 0.5% content. The pressure exponent drops to 0.22 by adding oxamide (OXM) with the same content as Fe2O3; simultaneously, the pressure exponent drops differently to 0.34 and 0.40 by adding 1% 2-nitrodiphenylamine (2-DNPA) and 1% N-methyl-4-nitroaniline (MNA) stabilizer separately.

Abstract:In order to understand the change of mechanical properties and damage mechanism of HTPB propellant, the influence of strain rate and loading on tensile properties of HTPB propellant was studied by means of uniaxial tension. The dissipated characteristics under mechanical loading was analyzed based on dissipated energy model. Results show that the mechanical properties and the dissipated energy of HTPB propellant were distinctly influenced by strain rate and by different control of strain. Tensile strength, elongation and dissipated energy increased linearly with the logarithm of strain rate. The results can be used as reference to research on properties of HTPB propellant in storage and use.

Abstract:A four-step reaction synthesized 5-(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-5H-［1,2,3］triazolo［4,5-c］［1,2,5］ oxadiazolium inner salt(NOTO). The first step is the oxidation of diaminofurzan (DAF) with Caro′s acid giving 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan(DAAzF) in yield 88.8%. The second one is the reduction of DAAzF by Zn dust(this technology was firstly applied) to 3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azofurazan(DAAF), the key intermediate, in yield 92.2%. The third one is the cyclization of DAAF in the presence of diacetoxyl iodobenzene giving 5-(4-nitro-1,2,5-oxadiazol-3-yl)-5H-［1,2,3］triazolo［4,5-c］［1,2,5］ oxadiazole (AMOTO) in yield 87.7%. The last one is the oxidation of AMOTO with Caro′s acid resulting in NOTO in yield 25.0%. The total yield of NOTO (based on DAF) is 17.5%. The optimization of reaction conditions and the improvement of the post-treatment for the cyclization made the yield and purity of AMOTO up to 87.7% and 99.4% respectively. The structures of all intermediates and the product were confirmed by a number of analytical techniques. In addition, the cyclization mechanism was proposed and

Abstract:Dynamic Vacuum Stability Test (DVST) method was used to study the thermal decomposition process of RDX. Through fitting the data obtained from DVST, the decomposition reaction of RDX in the nonisothermal stage follows the AvramiErofeyev equation under the test conditions. The activation energy Ea is 174.10 kJ·mol-¹, and lnA is 34.45. The decomposition reaction of RDX in the isothermal stage follows the AntiJander equation, and the constant of reaction rate is 1.63×10-⁵s-¹.The final amount of evolving gases of the decomposition is 0.10 mL·g-¹. The results indicate that the DVST can record and describe the whole process of the decomposition with the parameters of pressure and temperature of sample .The terminal results of DVST method is similar to that with VST, and logical kinetics parameters were obtained through the DVST method. These data can be used for characterizing thermal stability, compatibility, and storage life and decomposition mechanisms of RDX.

Abstract:Using a laser monitoring observation technique, the solubility of RDX in cyclohexanone,dimethylsulfoxide, γ-butyrolactone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and N,N-dimethylformamide was determined. The Apelblat equation, λh equation and NRTL equation were used to correlate the solubility data. The results show that the Apelblat equation could best correlate the solid-liquid equilibrium data, the corresponding averge relative deviations are between 0.1% and 2.18%. For the solubility curves, the selection of appropriate polynomial and the parameter fitting were conducted, the relative deviations were less than 1%.

Abstract:Effect of particle size and types of nitramine on combustion performance of energetic thermoplastic elastomer (ETPE) gun propellants based on BAMO-AMMO were studied by closed bomb test. Results show that the pressure exponent of ETPE gun propellant is about 1.2 under 50-260 MPa,while the pressure exponent turns down from 1.2 to 1 as the pressure range changes from 75-175 MPa to 175-260 MPa. Burning rate and pressure exponent of the ETPE gun propellant increases with increasing of the patical size of RDX. It is also found that the grain size matching of RDX or mixed oxidizer containing RDX and HMX can increase the burning rate of the ETPE gun propellant and unconspicuously decrease the pressure exponent at 75-260 MPa. The sample of ETPE gun propellant using HMX as oxidizer has lower burning rate and higher pressure exponent than the sample of ETPE gun propellant using RDX as oxidizer.

Abstract:According to explosive-determination of power-lead block method and the power of three powdery pyrotechnics such as fulminating powder, red powder and black powder were studied through the method of ignition, the temperature of lead block and the type of pyrotechnics. Results show that pyrotechnics can be detonated through electric detonator, when density of charge is less than or equal to 1.047g?cm-³. The lead temperature needs to be corrected in order to compare the power of pyrotechnics. The power of fulminating powder is the maximum of 113.29mL, and the powers of red powder and black powder are 51.20 mL and 51.60 mL, respectively.

Abstract:The combustion characteristics of pyrotechnic composition was studied. The feasibility of using multi-spectral thermometry to test the flame temperature of pyrotechnic composition was analyzed. The multi-spectral thermometer system with twelve testing channels was developed. The correctness and the stability of the multi-spectral thermometer system were verified using the Israel CI systems SR-20-33 black body which temperature precision is ±3 ℃. The flame temperatures of a type of electric igniters were tested using the multi-spectral thermometersystem.

Abstract:The previous investigation shows that the combustion behavior of base bleed propellant is classified to three states under the condition of transient depressurization, which are re-ignition,low frequency oscillation combustion and extinguishment, respectively. Variant combustion state was determined mainly by the maximum pressure before transient depressurization (20-90 MPa) and the maximum depressurization velocity (1.2×10³-6×10³ MPa?s-¹) during whole process. The relationship of combustion state between the maximum pressure before transient depressurization and the maximum depressurization velocity is linear separable pattern approximately. Two kinds of perceptron models, single layer and double layers, were constructed according to artificial neural networks. Both of the two peceptron models were trained by using test data. The decision boundary of combustion states of base bleed propellant was obtained, which included both the maximum pressure before transient depressurization and the maximum depressurization velocity factors. The correction and reliably of the peceptron were validated by Monte-Carlo random sampling. The peceptrons could be used to predict the combustion behavior of base bleed

Abstract:Local ignition was investigated for emulsion explosives containing expanded perlite as the density control material with small sized equipment that has been referred to the French method and American method. To evaluate the safety of its manufacturing process, emulsion explosives were ignited by hot-wire at different initial temperatures. The emulsion explosives caused partial reaction that led to the rupture of steel pipe closed to the screw cap, followed by the reaction interruption without explosion. For black powder and hot-wire ignition, emulsion explosion has not sustained combustion, and all quenched. Pressure may be a key factor to previous accident and process of production for emulsion

Abstract:In order to decrease the firing energy of B/KNO₃ composition ignited by the exploding foil igniter, the components of B/KNO₃ were refined, and the loading density was optimized. The firing experiments were carried out using Bruceton method with the loading density of 1.50-1.64 g?cm-³, and the fire capacitance of 0.12 μF. The burst current of ultrafine B/KNO₃ composition ignited by the exploding foil igniter was also tested. Results show that the average value of 50% firing energy of ultrafine B/KNO₃ composition ignited by the exploding foil igniter is 29 mJ, and the all-fire burst current is about 500 A.

Abstract:The feasibility of one foil with bi-directional exploding foil initiation technique was carried out. A novel bi-directional exploding foil initiation structure was designed by using the characteristics of bi-directional driving flyer in the sequence of electrical explosion. The performance to initiating HNS-IV was studied as well. Results show that the synchronous precision of bi-directional initiation has reached the level of nanoseconds with reliable firing energy of 1.2 J as a basis. Test range is between 40-68 ns..

Abstract:Al/CuO multilayer films were deposited with magnetron sputtering process and analysed with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Results show that the reduction-oxidation may happen. The chemical reaction heat is about 1197.5 kJ·mol-¹. The activation energy of the second reaction calculated by Kissinger equation is about 565.146 kJ·mol-¹. Because of the high activation energy, Al/CuO multilayer films can be conserved for a long time. The process of the reaction between films is composed of two steps and the highest temperature of the reaction is 2573 ℃.temperature of the reaction is 2573 ℃.

Abstract:Some recent studies on predicting impact sensitivity for different classes of energetic crystals based on first-principles band gap were reviewed. It is found that for energetic crystals with similar structure or with similar thermal decomposition mechanism, the smaller the band gap (ΔEg) is, the easier the electron transfers from the valence band to the conduction band, and the more they becomes decomposed and exploded. This band gap criterion is applicable to ionic or molecular crystals, different polymorphs of energetic crystals, energetic crystals at different pressures,and doped energetic crystals.

Abstract:Shock sensitivities of 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan(DNTF),2,4-dinitroanisole(DNAN),different proportion of DNTF and DNAN co-melt explosive were studied by shock sensitivity test, IR spectrum,X-ray diffraction and scan electron microscope methods. From the changing law of IR spectra, interplanar spacing, crystal form, the mechanism of shock sensitivity of DNTF reduced by DNAN was discussed. Results show that DNAN can decrease the shock sensitivity of DNTF. The DNTF/DNAN 80/20 co-melt explosive has good integrated performance between sensitivity to shock and crystal structure.

Abstract:The explosion limits and the least suppression explosion concentrations of RP-5 oil,RP-3 oil and alcohol air mixtures were measured respectively by use of the apparatus,which was designed for measuring explosion limit of combustible liquid vapor. Results indicate the explosion limits of RP-5 oil,RP-3 oil and alcohol air mixtures are 1.53%~7.73% (vol.), 0.82%~7.17% (vol.) and 3.38%~18.25% (vol.) respectively; the least suppression explosion concentrations of the 1301 inert gas are 6.75%,6.8% and 5.56% respectively for the RP-5 oil,RP-3 oil and alcohol air mixtures. The least suppression explosion concentrations of N2 and CO2 are 49% and 45% respectively for the RP-3 oil air mixtures. So the suppression effect of the 1301 inert gas is better than that of the CO2 and the N2

Abstract:The development of pyrotechnics in China has a long history. As early as the eighth century BC,in the Zhou Dynasty,"smoke signal" the beacon tower appeared in China already. The process of alchemy led to the invention of black powder, which accelerated the development of Chinese pyrotechnics. Electronic warfare, pyrotechnics electro-optical countermeasures in the military area, and artificial rainfall-enhancement and anti-hail,fire extinguishing with pyrotechnics and electricity generation with pyrotechnics in the civil area and so on, has achieved innovative development. Chinese pyrotechnics have developed rapidly in the study of safe and environment friendly materials, smokeless/minimum smoke fireworks technology, nanometer fireworks, rare-earth fireworks and the special fireworks, fireworks for wedding, fireworks for birthday party, and cartoon fireworks,etc,which combined with the modern technology of other fields. The principle of solid chemistry and its application in the pyrotechnics system have accelerated the new process of theory of Chinese pyrotechnics.

Abstract:The development of pyrotechnics in China has a long history. As early as the eighth century BC,in the Zhou Dynasty,"smoke signal" the beacon tower appeared in China already. The process of alchemy led to the invention of black powder, which accelerated the development of Chinese pyrotechnics. Electronic warfare, pyrotechnics electro-optical countermeasures in the military area, and artificial rainfall-enhancement and anti-hail,fire extinguishing with pyrotechnics and electricity generation with pyrotechnics in the civil area and so on, has achieved innovative development. Chinese pyrotechnics have developed rapidly in the study of safe and environment friendly materials, smokeless/minimum smoke fireworks technology, nanometer fireworks, rare-earth fireworks and the special fireworks, fireworks for wedding, fireworks for birthday party, and cartoon fireworks,etc,which combined with the modern technology of other fields. The principle of solid chemistry and its application in the pyrotechnics system have accelerated the new process of theory of Chinese pyrotechnics.

Abstract:The determination of the concentration distribution of the deterrents in gun propellant, and the diffusion mechanism were summarized. The precise determination at concentration point of deterrents and furthure study trend on the diffusion mechanism of the deterrents were pointed.

Abstract:The progress in research on electrostatic hazards of composite solid propellant was summarized in three aspects,which are experimental testing method, theoretical prediction and electrostatic effect mechanism. Researchers used special equipments to measure the electrostatic energy acted on the sample indeed. This energy was the criterion of electrostatic sensitivity. The percolation coefficient was used as a simple prediction of electrostatic hazard, and the model based on hot spots forming & growth was used to predict the electrostatic hazard with the characters of propellant itself, such as mechanical, burning characters. Based on temperature measured by infrared method and observation heat radiation and transfer caused by electrostatic energy, the popularly accepted “hot spot” mechanism were outlined.

Abstract:Energetic ionic compounds are a unique class of novel energetic materials,including energetic salts and energetic ionic liquids.Energetic ionic compound is one of the effective way to develop new high-energy, low-sensitive and non-toxic materials. To meet the requirement of multifunctional energetic materials for weapons and equipments, the chemical structure of cation and anion of energetic ionic compounds can be introduced by the molecular design. This approach makes energetic salts contain the various excellent functions, such as high-fever, high-density, insensitive, stable, environmentally friendly and so on. This article summarizes the research background, performance and molecular design of the energetic ionic compounds, and looks forward to the research trend of energetic ionic compounds. Energetic ionic compounds will be applied increasingly in the fields of explosive, propellant, etc.

Abstract:The research history, current situation and development trends of pyrotechnic cutting technology in the United States and China were introduced. Pyrotechnic cutting principles include metal-jet principle and chemical corrosion principle, Pyrotechnical compounds mainly focus on thermite at the same time adding halogen-containing polymers. Cutting torch already can be held by hand, and could be carried out underwater. The nozzle on cutting torch can concentrate energy, and cutting torches have pressure relief structure for security. Pyrotechnic cutting technology has a wide range of applications in disaster rescue,ammunition destruction and so on.

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