Abstract:The volatile solvent crystallization of 3-nitro-1, 2, 4-triazol-5-one (NTO) on glass substrate was studied. The observed phenomena verify that the crystal morphologies change from fractal to cube-shaped structure due to the initial concentration increasing,and it can be explained with diffusion limited aggregation (DLA) theory. Besides,the fractal and cube-shaped structure NTOs were characterized by FTIR, XRD. The results show that crystal morphology change can not result in crystal structure transformation, and only its growth-oriented change.

Abstract:3,3′-Dicyano-4,4′-azofurazan (DCAF) was synthesized from 3-amino-4-aminoxim-idofurazan (AAOF) through two-step oxidization and the product was characterized by IR, NMR and elemental analysis. The crucial factors of KMnO₄ oxidization reaction were studied and the optimal reaction conditions were confirmed. The single crystal of DCAF was cultivated for the first time and tested by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal is triclinic, space group P-1 with crystal parameters a=1.8297(11) nm, b=0.588(3) nm, c=0.9069(5) nm, V=0.8853(9) nm^-3, Z=4, D_c=1.622 g·cm^-3, F (000)=432, μ (Mo Kα )=0.131 mm^-1, R₁=0.1039, wR =0.2420.

Abstract:Laser sensitive coordination compound 4-amino-3-hydrazino-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole cobalt (Ⅱ) perchlorate dihydrate(TACo) was synthesized with the yield of 71%. The structure of the obtained compound was identified by IR and elemental analysis. The laser sensitivity and part of the explosive performance were tested. The 50% fire energy density in 915 nm laser wavelength was 39.85 J·cm^-2. Results show that the temperature and particle size of the samples have significant effects on the synthesis reaction.

Abstract:In order to study the properties of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO), the three refined samples of ANPyO were prepared by recrystallization from the solvents of trifluoroacetic acid(CF₃COOH), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) and N,N-dimethyl formamide(DMF) respectively, and the properties of the three samples were compared. Results show that the particle size of ANPyO prepared by recrystallization from CF₃COOH distributes from 2 μm to 70 μm and its BET specific surface area is 0.454 m²·g^-1. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis and thermal decomposition kinetics calculation show that, compared with ANPyO prepared by recrystallization from DMSO and DMF, enthalpy of decomposition of ANPyO（CF₃COOH） is 1021.46 J·g^-1, and the temperature of the exothermic peak is 370.69 ℃, and its activation energy is 279.63 kJ·mol^-1 at a heating rate of 10 K·min^-1. Impact and friction sensitivity of ANPyO prepared by recrystallization from CF₃COOH are 20% and 18%, respectively.

Abstract:The synthetic route of glycidyl nitrate(GN) was improved. Glycidol was synthesized by the cyclization process from allyl alcohol and m-CPBA, then glycidyl nitrate was synthesized with glycidol as raw materials and HNO₃/(AcO) ₂O as nitrating agent. Results show that the yield of GN is 70.2%, and after vacuum distillation, the purity of GN is 98.9%. The product was characterized by IR, ¹H NMR and elemental analysis. The optimal nitration conditions are as follows: the molar ratio of HNO₃/GA is 1.5:1.0, reaction temperature is -10 ℃, and reaction is quenched when addition is finished.

Abstract:As a high density hydrocarbon fuel,tetracyclo［7.4.0.0^2,7.1^3,6］tetradecane was synthesized from dicyclopentadiene and indene by D-A reaction and hydrogenation. Under the optimal conditions, the yield of tetracyclo［7.4.0.0^2,7.1^3,6］tetradecane is 68.1%. Properties of tetracyclo［7.4.0.0^2,7.1^3,6］tetradecane were measured (i.e. density is 0.986 g·cm^-3, volumetric combustion heat is 43.7 MJ·L^-1, viscosity (-18 ℃) is 97.44 mm²·s^-1, flash point is 50 ℃,freezing point is -45 ℃). Thermal decomposition of tetracyclo［7.4.0.0^2,7.1^3,6］tetradecane was analyzed by DSC. Results show that tetracyclo［7.4.0.0^2,7.1^3,6］tetradecane has high thermal stability.

Abstract:The novel task-specific room-temperature ionic liquid 3-(N, N-dimethyldodecyl ammonium)propanesulfonic acid hydrogen sulfate ［DMDAPS］·［HSO₄］ was designed and synthesized as a biodegradable recyclable catalyst for one-pot three-component Mannich reaction in water. Twelve β -amino carbonyl compounds were obtained with yield of 80%-91% under the mild conditions. The product can be simply separated from the catalyst/water, and the enviromentally benign catalyst can be reused at least 9 times without noticeably decreasing of the catalytic activity.

Abstract:The factors affecting dynamic enzyme degradation of bacterial cellulose/RDX (BC/RDX) composite were investigated and the optimum conditions were obtained by orthogonal experiments. The pre- and post-degradation materials were characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD. The results show that the degradation of the composite subsequently decreases with the content of the composite,the concentration of enzyme and temperature,but the influences of all the factors are not significant(F<F_0.05). For 1.00 g BC/RDX composite，the optimum conditions for dynamic enzyme degradation are 0.7% of enzyme degradation concentration at 40 ℃ and 5.0 of pH value for 25 h. The morphology and structure of BC in the composite are decomposed partly or completely by enzyme,but the degradation of the composite has no any influence on the property of RDX in the composite.

Abstract:The temperature-humidity environmental tests under 5 MPa axial compression stress were applied to polymer bonded explosive (PBX). Results show that the mechanical properties of the explosive change obviously after the tests. The explosive density has no change under the conditions of 45 ℃, 65%RH, 5 MPa, while it decreases obviously under the conditions of 60 ℃, 80%RH, 5 MPa. In addition, the modulus and the compressive strength all decrease obviously in the early aging time after the temperature-humidity-load accelerating age tests，but they have no obvious change as the aging time goes on..

Abstract:By choosing two types of explosives GH-1 and GUHL-1, and two typical dual charge structures, the test samples were prepared. The characteristics of energy output of underwater explosion for dual explosive charge were studied and compared with that of the single explosive charge. The results show that under the same composition, the dual explosive charge can change the explosion load near the testing point, and decrease the energy loss of shock wave in the detonation propagation. By using dual explosive charge structure with a non-ideal explosive as an inner core surrounded by a high detonation velocity explosive, the bubble energy is increased by 22.4% compared with that of the single explosive charge, and also energy coupling exists in the two parts of the charge.

Abstract:Three kinds of cylindrical charges based on RDX with different ratios of aluminum to oxygen were tested through underwater explosion. Attenuation law of shock wave peak pressure versus transmission distance at close-field underwater explosion was resolved by high-speed scanning. The effects of Al/O ratios on initial shock wave peak pressure and attenuation were analyzed. Results show that the initial shock wave peak pressure achieves 18.95 GPa, 13.66 GPa and 8.35 GPa respectively when the Al/O ratios are 0, 0.4 and 0.7. The speed of peak pressure attenuation decreases with the increasing of aluminum content. The factors, such as the time of aluminum beginning to react and the degree of reaction,have remarkable effects on shock wave peak pressure at close-filed and attenuation of peak pressure.

Abstract:Conservation equation of energy based on the physical property of solid-liquid mixed charge and the heat caused by the friction between shell and charge during launching, was established and calculated by finite difference method to analyze the launching safety of solid-liquid mixed charge. Results show that the maximum temperature of charge reach 542 K when the warhead rotation speed is 40 r·s^-1, and the warhead rotation is the main hazard source in the launch process of solid-liquid mixed charge.

Abstract:In order to understand the solidification process of casting explosive, the temperature fields of RHT explosive during solidification process were simulated by finite element method. The shrinkage of RHT explosive after solidification was also predicted. The results show that the temperature difference between inner and outer of RHT explosive during solidification process is quite great. There exists an inflexion on the temperature curves in the centre area. And the porosity will be presented on the middle position of solidified RHT explosive. On the other hand, the temperature of RHT explosive during solidification process was also tested by thermocouple and the interior quality was inspected by ICT, and the simulated results and tested results were also compared. The results show that the finite element method can be used to simulate the RHT explosive solidification process.

Abstract:The output shock wave pressure attenuated by different thicknesses of PMMA gaps of booster JO with small size charge diameter was measured by manganin piezoresistance method. The exponential regularity of the shock wave attenuation coefficient versus the charge diameter in PMMA was obtained by fitting experimental data. The load density of the booster was 90% of the theoretical density, and the charge diameter was 1.5 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm and 8 mm with confinement of 45^# steel and PMMA. Results show that the attenuation coefficient tends to decrease with the increasing of the charge diameter under the same confinement. The confinement of the charge is stronger,the change is more obvious.

Abstract:Four optimized structures of azacalix［6］arene host monomers (M_a-M _d ) and their complexes (a-d) with HMX were obtained at B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to reveal the origin of the interaction between hosts and objects. The intermolecular interaction energy was evaluated with basis set superposition error correction (BSSE) and zero point energy correction (ZPEC). The B3LYP/6-31G (d) calculations on the four complexes show that the largest interaction energy is -13.98 kJ·mol^-1 in the complex composed of HMX and hexaazacalix［3］-p-triarene［3］-2-amido-1,3,5-triazine. Results show that intermolecular interaction energies of azacalix［6］arenes with substituted groups are stronger than that without substituted groups, and intermolecular interaction energies of azacalix［6］arenes with amido groups are stronger than that with nitryl groups.

Abstract:P(MMA/EA)/PEG-TPE semi-interpenetrating polymer networks(S-IPN) were synthesized by PEG-TPE and copolymer of methyl methylacrylate and ethyl acrylate, P(MMA/EA),to improve the compatibility of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (S-IPN) of polymethyl methyacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylene glycol thermoplastic elastomer (PEG-TPE). The acrylate was entirely converted to its polymer and the translation ratio of PEG-TPE can get to 89% by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry(¹H NMR). The transition peak in the P(MMA/EA)/PEG-TPE S-IPNs shifts inward compared with that of PMMA/PEG-TPE, even a single Tg was observed in the composition of 10/90,30/70 in DMA, the flexible morphology was observed from scanning electron micrograph(SEM), which indicates some compatibility and degree of interpenetrating between two polymers in the phases.

Abstract:Nanometer NiB amorphous alloy and nanometer NiB/Al composite were prepared by chemical reduction. XRD, TEM and SEM were used to analyze the crystal structure and microstructure of the nanometer catalysts. Results show that the nanometer NiB particles are amorphous alloy with 20-30 nm in diameter, and the nanometer NiB particles of the NiB/Al composite are coated on the Al particles uniformly and compactly in amorphous alloy form with 40-60 nm in diameter. The DTA results show that the amount of the catalysts has great catalysis effect on the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate (AP). Based on the fitting results, the theory optimal amount of simplex nanometer NiB alloy and its composite are 8.91% and 7.93%, while the corresponding high temperature decomposition of AP can be decreased to 407.34 ℃ and 389.98 ℃, respectively. Furthermore, the NiB nanocomposite shows much better catalysis on AP/HTPB(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene)solid propellant thermal decomposition. The nanocomposite catalyst makes the high temperature decomposition of AP/HTPB propellant decreased by 12.2 ℃ lower than that of simplex nanometer NiB alloy,and the combination tendency of the thermal decomposition peaks of the propellant are much more obvious.

Abstract:The effects of 1, 4-dinitropiperazine (DNP) on the combustion characteristics and thermolysis of CMDB propellants were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and burning rate test. Results show that the thermolysis of RDX in propellants are affected obviously by DNP, and the burning rate and pressure index of CMDB propellants decrease with the increasing of DNP content. These phenomena become more evident when the pressure is 12-18 MPa. In addition, when the DNP content increases to 20% (DN3), there is an extra thermal decomposition peak of DNP which is separated from the main exothermic peak, and there is a lower exothermic peak beside it with the pressure increasing to 9 MPa.

Abstract:The liquefying and melting processes of the binary mixed system consisting of a new type of high energy density materials 3,4-dinitrofurazanfuroxan (DNTF) and pentaerythritol (PETN) were studied by pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). On the basis of PDSC characteristic values of DNTF/PETN systems with various mass ratios,the phase diagrams of liquefying temperature (T) versus composition (X) and apparent fusion heat (H) versus composition (X) were constructed. Results show that the compositions of the eutectic system of DNTF/PETN are obtained to be 68.20/31.80 (molar fraction) from the T-X phase diagram, and to be 67.93/32.07(molar fraction) from the H-X phase diagram, respectively. The eutectic temperature is measured to be 95.7 ℃ by PDSC.

Abstract:The dynamic compressive and reactive properties of two kinds of PTFE/Al reactive materials were studied by the split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB). The effects of Al content on yield stress, fragmented and reactive properties of PTFE/Al reactive materials were analyzed. Results show that PTFE/Al is sensitive to the strain rate. In the strain rate range of 1000-8000 s^-1, the yield stress of PA265 is 32-44 MPa and the yield stress of PA35 is 40-55 MPa; the yield stress increases with Al content; the fragmented stress is 143-153 MPa in the strain rate range of 3100-5800 s^-1 for the PTFE/Al reactive materials; the critical reactive stresses of PA265 and PA35 are 157 MPa and 163 MPa; partial reaction phenomena appear frequently due to lacking of enough oxidant polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), if Al content is higher than 35%.

Abstract:Thermal decomposition characteristics of five emulsion explosives were studied by DSC-TG at the heating rates of 2.0, 2.5, 7.5, 10 K·min^-1, and the thermal decomposition mechanisms were deduced by means of model-free function of Ozawa method and Costs-Redfern method and ?atava-?esták method. Results show that the activation energies calculated by the three methods are approximate, and the rationalities of thermal decomposition kinetic parameters of five emulsion explosives are verified so as to deduce the most possible mechanism functions of thermal decomposition characteristic of emulsion explosives. For sample 1, it is random nucleation and lateral overgrowth mechanism, for samples 2 or 5, it is Mample Power pricnciple n=2/3 mechanism, for samples 3 or 4, it is three dimension diffuse, 3D mechanism.

Abstract:The average detonation velocity and continuous detonation velocity of powdery emulsion explosive and emulsion explosive were measured respectively by electrometric method and continuous velocity probe. Results show that, for powdery emulsion explosive with the charge density of 850 kg·m^-3 and 820 kg·m^-3, the average detonation velocities are 4526 m·s^-1 and 4020 m·s^-1; the corresponding continuous detonation velocity ranges are 4300-4600 m·s^-1 and 4000-4300 m·s^-1 during the stable detonation phase. For emulsion explosive with the charge density of 900 kg·m^-3 and 840 kg·m^-3, the average detonation velocities are 4384 m·s^-1 and 2345 m·s^-1; the corresponding continuous velocity ranges are 3370-4592 m·s^-1 and 2871-3420 m·s^-1. The detonation velocity measured by the continuous velocity probe method is in accord with the detonation velocity measured by the traditional electrometric method, and the continuous velocity probe method can even give the true course of detonation development for industrial explosive.

Abstract:In order to study jet formation of the cylinder-cone liner,the formation of cylinder-cone shaped charge was studied by using 300 kV pulse X-ray apparatus. The jet formation of shaped charge was analyzed by numerical simulation. Eighteen X-ray photographs were obtained from 9 experiments. The radiographs of the liner collapse were analyzed at different times. Curves of the jet tip velocity and the jet length vs time were obtained. The results show that the cylinder part of the liner can only produce low speed slug, which has no contribution to increasing the mass and velocity of the jet. Because of the “effects of shock wave”,the jet tip velocity is smaller than that by numerical simulation.

Abstract:Aiming at the one-off characteristics of pyrotechnics, an optimum design method of the accelerated storage life test was advanced based on its activation energy. The accelerated coefficient formula were deduced on the basis of Arrhenius equation and the activation energy of pyrotechnics was calculated. Then the end time of the test was estimated. This method puts forward a new idea to reduce the uncertainty in the test design.

Abstract:Aiming at the problem of recycling scraps unsymmetrical dimethylhydrzine (UDMH), eight saturated aliphatic aminimides with low melting points were synthesized after UDMH was alkylated, acidylated and dehydrogenated. The structures, melting points and pyrolysis activities of aminimides were studied. FTIR spectra show that the resonance structure N=C—O^- and N^-—C=O is formed resulting from delocalization of the electron pair in the p-orbital of the imide nitrogen with the π-orbital of the carbonyl. The positions of the characteristic absorption peak frequencies of the two resonance structures are influenced obviously by the inductive effect of the substituent in carbonyl. The carbonyl substituent with a weaker inductive effects cause the IR absorption peak to shift toward higher frequencies. Dynamic DSC results show that the carbochain of amine group presents a little effect on the pyrolysis activities of aminimide among the aliphatic saturated aminimides. The aminimide with a longer carbonyl carbochain presents higher pyrolysis activity.

Abstract:To reduce the effects of smoke temperature on the transmittance measurement in 8-14 μm waveband, the transmittances of infrared smoke was analyzed with and without infrared radiation source. Results show that the transmittances of 5 g smoke agent is 40%-50% and 15%-20%. And the infrared smoke formed by burning leads to smoke cloud with a strong radiation. Then, a different correcting method was carried out. The transmittance is corrected by subtracting from the transmittance of infrared smoke without infrared radiation source, and transmittance of the smoke agent with infrared radiation source decrease to 25%-35%.

Abstract:The progress in the salts and complexes of 1, 5-diamino-1H-tetrazole (DAT) were described and reviewed. The optimized synthesis processes were emphasized with the precursor of diaminoguanidine chloride as raw materials. The DAT can easily forms salt resulting from reacting with strong acid, and easily forms six energetic complexes resulting from coordinating in six DAT molecules with perchlorate. All of these DAT compounds are sensitive to mechanic stimulus,and possess good explosive properties. Therefore, DAT compounds have potential applications in the high energy density materials.

Abstract:Laser ignition has been an active research topic in recent years, and laser becomes an attractive future alternative ignition source to study the ignition characteristics of propellants because of its advantages of high and adjustable energy, the ignition time and energy being controllable, and the ignition process unlimited by the surroundings. In addition, the studies of ignition characteristics of propellants contribute to explaining the combustion theory and demonstrating the related model. The brief theory, the characterization and the apparatus of laser ignition of solid propellants at home and abroad were described. And the factors affecting the laser ignition of propellants such as the laser energy, the components and contents of propellants and the circumstances including pressure and temperature, were discussed. In the end, several problems on the evolvement of the laser ignition characteristics of the solid propellants were summarized and concluded with 50 references.

Abstract:The inner structure characteristic of RDX base thermal solidified explosive was studied by μCT technology and its performance was estimated.

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