Abstract:Friedman′s formula for calculating the characteristic drop height of impact sensitivity (H₅₀) of energetic materials(EMs) was derived. A numerical method of estimating the value of H₅₀ was presented. The corresponding computer program was written. The experimental 50% drop height of eight EMs: HMX，RDX，TNT，PETN，BTF，BTF，Tetryl，NG were certificated with the programmed program，considering that the programmed program is suitable for fast computation of H₅₀ and predicted 50% drop heights for PBX-JH-94 and PBX-JO-96 are believable to a certain extent.

Abstract:The gaseous isomers and crystalline state of carbohydrazide (CHZ) were studied at the DFT-B3LYP/6-31G^** level. Three stable isomers were located. The structure Ⅱ，which is in agreement with the structure in the crystal，is the most stable. The vibrational frequencies were analyzed and they agree well with the experimental results. The terminal nitrogen atom of the hydrazine group and oxygen atom of the carbonyl group are preferable coordination sites for CHZ molecule and this was demonstrated by the experimental results. The intermolecular interaction is strong in the crystal. Furthermore，all of the atoms have contributions to the frontier bands. Some bands are very oscillatory，which show that the corresponding molecular orbitals are strongly perturbed by the crystalline environment.

Abstract:(Et₂MN₃)_n (n=1 to 3，M=Al，Ga) clusters were studied by DFT/B3LYP method with SDD basis set. The dimer(Et₂MN₃) ₂ and trimer(Et₂MN₃)₃ (M=Al，Ga) are found to exhibit four-membered M₂N₂ and six-membered M₃N₃ ring structure，respectively. Compared with the monomer，the order of the bond length changes for the dimer(Et₂MN₃) ₂ and trimer (Et₂MN₃)₃ (M=Al，Ga) is as follows: N_α—M>N_α—N_β>N_β—N_γ≈M—C. Binding energies of the dimer (Et₂AlN₃) ₂ and trimer(Et₂AlN₃)₃ clusters are 35.44 and 45.61 kJ·mol^-1 lower than that of (Et₂GaN₃) ₂ and(Et₂GaN₃)₃ clusters，respectively. Thermodynamic properties show that the dimer is the main composition of the(Et₂MN₃)_n (n=1 to 3，M=Al，Ga) clusters at 298.2 K. The dimerization and trimerization are very favorable thermodynamically below 500 K.

Abstract:The effects of curing parameter (R)，ratio of plasticizer to binder (P_l/P_o) and crosslinker (CA) content on the crosslink network and mechanical properties of the NEPE propellant with low smoke were studied by the swelling experiment，uniaxial tensile and dynamic mechanical test (DMA). Results show that the crosslink density (ν_e)，initial modulus (E_o) and maximum tensile strength (σ_m) of the propellant reach to the maximum，as the curing parameter (R) approaching to 1.5; the parameters (ν_e，E_o and σ_m) mentioned above increase with the decreasing of P_l/P_o from 2.8 to 2.0 and with increasing of CA in the range of 0.00%-0.10%，the maximum elongation (ε_m) and elongation at break (ε_b) of the propellant increase as P_l/P_o increases (or R and CA decreases); the loss factors (tanδ_α and tanδ_β) of the propellant increase with the increasing of P_l/P_o and CA，while the glass and secondary transitional temperatures (T_g and T_β) of the propellant，which are approximately -33 ℃ and -56 ℃，are slightly affected by R，P_l/P_o and CA.

Abstract:The interfacial adhesive property between the filler and binder matrix of HTPB propellant under 15% and zero strain were characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and measuring the contact angle between the test liquids and filler AP or binder matrix respectively. The adhesive work and the interfacial tension between the filler and binder matrix were calculated. Results show that the work of adhesion (W_a) is decreased while the interfacial tension (γ_sl) is increased along with the aging time，and the interfacial adhesive of the filler/binder matrix are deteriorated under constant and zero strain. The interfacial adhesive property between the filler and binder matrix of HTPB propellant can be characterized by W_a and γsl. The value of the work of adhesion under constant strain is lower，and the interfacial tension is higher than that under zero strain. The constant strain can make the interfacial adhesive of the filler/ binder matrix deteriorate quickly.

Abstract:The interfacial bonding between a series of bonding agents (including polyhydroxy alcohols bonding agents (LBA-22，LBA-201)，hyantoin/triazines composite bonding agents (CBA)，neutral polymeric bonding agents(NPBA) and substituted amides(LTAIC)) and RDX were studied. Meanwhile，all of the bonding agents were used to prepare RDX-CMDB propellants. The surface and interface parameters were measured by the contact angle method and Wilhelmy plat method，and adhesive work was calculated based on the harmonic-mean equation. Results show that the value of contact angle (θ) between CBA and RDX is 35.2°，and the value of adhesive work(Wa) is 135.01 mN/m. In FTIR spectra，(—NO₂) group absorption peak has a 22 cm^-1 red shift to 1510 cm^-1 and the absorption band becomes wide. The mechanical properties of CMDB propellant with coated RDX are significantly improved. The value of σm is increased from 1.02 MPa to 2.01 MPa at high temperature (50 ℃) and the value of εm is increased by 140% at low temperature (-40 ℃). The surface and interface parameters of different bonding agents basically correspond with the mechanical properties improvement of CMDB propellants.

Abstract:The precursor of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles was prepared by in situ chemical precipitation at the oil-water interface，and its thermal decomposition characteristics were studied by DSC. The as-prepared CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles calcined at different temperatures were characterized by XRD and TEM，and the effects of catalysis of the CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with different contents on the ammonium perchlorate decomposition were studied by DSC. Results show that CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with spinel structure initially are formed at 300 ℃，and with the increasing of calcination temperature，the crystallization tends to be completed and the crystallite size increases gradually. The CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles with small particle size and good crystallinity can be obtained after heat treatment at 500 ℃. Adding CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles can remarkably decrease the high temperature decomposition peaks of AP and the catalytic effect is increased with the increasing of content of CoFe₂O₄ nanoparticles.

Abstract:For investigating the ignition mechanism of HTPB propellant under waterjet high pressure，Hartman bomb was used to study the lower limit of explosion density and the minimum ignition energy of the AP/HTPB/ferrocene system，and the effects of AP content，ferrocene content and ambient humidity on the characteristics of dust explosion were analyzed. Results show that with the increasing of AP and ferrocene content，the minimum ignition energy and the lower limit of dust explosion density of the mixed system decrease; with the increasing of ambient humidity (80%-90%)，the minimum ignition energy and the lower limit of explosion density of the mixed system containing ferrocene change gently.

Abstract:Six nitro fulleropyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized by the 1，3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of ［60］fullerene and the nucleophilic substitution reaction of N-unsubstituted fulleropyrrolidine. The structures of the products were characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis)，Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR)，mass spectrometry(MS) and ¹H，¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) techniques. The effects of the different products on the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity of HMX were tested. The friction and impact sensitivities of HMX reduces from 100% to 48% and to 50%，respectively when 1% N-methyl-2-(3-nitrophenyl)fulleropyrrolidine 2 added in HMX.

Abstract:Taking 2，4，6-trinitrochorobenzene，2，4，6-trichoro-1，3，5-triazine and 4-amino-3，5-dinitropyrazole(LLM-116) as primary substances，1-(2，4，6-trinitrobenzene-1-yl)-4-amino-3，5-dinitro-pyrazole(Ⅰ) and 2，4，6-tri(4-amino-3，5-dinitropyrazole-1-yl)-1，3，5-triazine(Ⅱ) which have not been reported in the literature were synthesized by condensation reaction. Their structures were confirmed by IR，NMR and element analysis，and their melting point are 234-236 ℃，296.5 ℃(dec.)，respectively. The condensation reaction mechanism was discussed，and the optimal reaction conditions synthesizing 2，4，6-trichoro-1，3，5-triazine are as follows: reaction medium is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP)，temperature is 70 ℃ and time is 16 h.

Abstract:2，6-Diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (ANPy) and 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO) was reacted with aqueous ammonia and KMnO₄ under different conditions. Substitutions in the 4 position to the nitro group were obtained with high yields: 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (81.5%) and 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (85.4%). The effects of solvent type，concentration of the aqueous ammonia on the yields of target compounds were studied. The different results between 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine (and 2，6-diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide) and 3-nitropyridien were analyzed. Structures of 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine and 2，4，6-triamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide were characterized by 1H NMR，IR and MS.

Abstract:2，6-Diamino-3，5-dinitropyridine-1-oxide (ANPyO) was coated with fluorine rubber F₂₃₁₁ and nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) by means of solution-water suspending-distillation method. The structures and properties of ANPyO and coated samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)，scanning electron microscope (SEM)，differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)，thermograimetry (TG)，and impact and friction sensitivity tests. Results show that the decomposition peak temperatures of coated ANPyO are decreased by 8.3 ℃ and 7.8 ℃，and decomposition heats of coated ANPyO are increased by 282.4 J·g^-1 and 41.5 J·g^-1，and the particles of coated ANPyO become bigger. In FTIR spectra，N—H spectral characteristic absorption bands have 2 cm^-1 and 3.9 cm^-1 red shifts to 3280.6 cm^-1 and 3367.4 cm^-1 respectively，and nitrogen atom in pyridine spectral characteristic absorption band has a 5.8 cm^-1 red shift to 1232.4 cm^-1. The impact sensitivity of coated ANPyO decreases from 16% to 14% and 10%，and the friction sensitivity decreases from 30% to 26% and 28%，respectively.

Abstract:The green synthesis of nitroglycerin from nitration of glycidol with dinitrogen pentoxide (N₂O₅) as the nitrating agent was studied by investigating the effects of different parameters on the nitration of glycidol. Results show that H-ZSM-5 has good catalytic activity，and the preferred catalyst concentration is 15 g·L^-1，and the molar ratio of dinitrogen pentoxide to glycidol is 3：1 and the temperature is 15 ℃. After reaction for 4 h under the above conditions，the selectivity of 100% and yield of 91.1% for nitroglycerin were obtained.

Abstract:Studying on microstructure of PBX chips and its formation mechanism is helpful to understand the forming process of machined surface. It′s of a great significance to guarantee and improve machining surface quality. The laser particle size analyzer was employed to detect PBX chips samples. It shows that the average size of chips which prepared by turning with cutting fluid is larger than that prepared by dry turning，the size increases with feed and decreases with the elevation of machine spindle revolutions，and has no obvious relationship to turning depth. Through the observation via scanning electron microscope，we can discover that chips mainly have three types of micro-shapes like acicular，massive and squamose，its formation corresponds to PBX macro-fracture which caused by the nucleation and growth of crack and mainly embodied as transgranular fracture of explosive particles. The detection of PBX samples sub-surface through industrial CT suggests that the crack propagation path points to workpiece surface generally，it relates to relative movement state between cutting tool and workpiece，and relates to structural boundary conditions of workpiece too. The phenomenological chip formation model can help to master its formation mechanism.

Abstract:In order to study the detonation velocity deficits of superfine desensitized HMX in curve channel，the relation formula between detonation velocity deficits and corner radius were deduced. The detonation velocity deficits of the HMX charged in curve channel were measured. Results show that the empirical formulation is in a good agreement with the semi-empirical formulation.

Abstract:A simplified theoretical model was introduced for predicting distribution characteristic of explosive residue in horizontal orignating from surface layer of charge because of border influence. With the theoretical model of spherical grain dynamics of sparse two-phase flow in single dimension， computing formulas of velocity′s attenuation and scattering distance were built for explosive residue grains in horizontal. Then， a simplified theoretical model on distribution of explosive residue was put forward on the basis of a spherical space with radius equalling to maximum horizontal scattering distance of explosive residue grains with certain diameter. With this model，the distribution characteristics in horizontal of explosive residue grains were theoretically analyzed under condition of explosion in air. Results show that there exists a maximum value of scattering distance in horizontal for explosive residue grains with certain diameter，and the density of mass distribution of explosive residue firstly increases with incraesing of distance to a maximum value and then decreases with inereasing of distance. Theoretical result basically matchs the phenomena of distribution of explosive residue in experiments.

Abstract:With respect to the explosive charge unsafety caused by high-speed earth penetrator，the penetration test was carried out with subscale projectiles，and the test projectiles were recovered to check the variations of appearance and density of explosive charges. Baffle test was also performed to test the thickness variations of critical baffle and the effects of the impact loads on the damaged to explosive charge in the process of penetration were studied further. Results show that the damages to the explosive charge at different positions are different (it is more serious in the front and rear section compared with that in the middle section)，and the damages increase with the increasing of penetration velocity and the shock sensitivity is improved remarkably.

Abstract:The expanding ANFO explosive was produced by expanding ammonium nitrate (AN) and fuel oil (FO) with mass ratio of 94.5：5.5. To obtain low detonation velocity expanding explosive，commercial attenuant was blended into the expanding ANFO explosive. Then，the detonation velocity and density of compound explosive was measured on the condition of nature pile-up state and different loading thickness. Results show that detonation velocity of compound explosive declines from 3100 m·s^-1 to 2100 m·s^-1 when mass ratio of attenuant rises from 20% to 60% (explosive loading thickness is 30 mm )，and the density of compound explosive rises from 0.615 g·cm^-3 to 0.76 g·cm^-3 when mass ratio of attenuant rises from 20% to 50%. The detonation velocity of compound explosive with 50% attenuant content is 2300-2360 m·s^-1，when the explosive loading thickness is 25-50 mm. SS304 cladding to 16MnR experiment was performed by using compound explosive with 35% attenuat content，and the results show that the compound explosive can be used in metal explosive welding.

Abstract:To explore a gas chromatographic method to determinate molar substitution (MS) of cellulose glycerol ether (GEC) as intermediate of energetic binder，GEC was decomposed to isopropyl iodide by HI at 150 ℃ under acid condition，and the products were determined by GC-MS. The reaction mechanisms were inferred. By means of determination of isopropyl iodide in reaction products with GC，the content of dihydroxypropyloxy in GEC and MS of GEC were calculated. Results show that the MS of three GEC samples are 0.375，0.425 and 0.531 respectively，and RSD are less than 0.2%，and recovery rate are more than 96%. Compared with the ways of chemical titration and element analysis (EA)，the GC method can be used to determinate the MS of GEC and others of hydroxyalkyl cellulose ethers with a good reproducibility and high accuracy.

Abstract:In order to improve mechanical properties and combustion performance simultaneously，novel combustible cartridge cases were manufactured by adding energetic fibers as reinforcement component. The mechanical properties were characterized by compression and tensile strength，and combustion performance was evaluated by closed-bomb and gun charge cartridge tests. Results show that these novel combustible cartridge cases have good mechanical properties，and combustion performance is also improved. With increasing of the energetic fibers content，the ignition time and burning-off time are shrunk more and more，and the burning rate and impetus of the case are increased gradually. Compared with the original ones，fewer solid residues and combustible gas are found in gun charge cartridge tests，which means adding energetic fibers could decrease the shooting features.

Abstract:The effects of different prior (known) information on the estimation precision of mean and standard deviation value from D-optimality-based sensitivity test method were studied by Monte Carlo simulation，and the results were compared with that from the other two sensitivity test methods(up-and-down method and Langlie method). The results show that the primary test parameter has less effect on the estimation precision from D-optimality than that from the other two methods. More accurate mean values can be obtained when enough prior information is available，while better standard deviations can be obtained from D-optimality method. In the case of deficient prior information，the value mean is more precise from D-optimality method than that from the other two methods. When mean is known and standard deviation is unknown，more accurate estimation of mean can be obtained by Langlie method，while more reliable standard deviation can be obtained from D-optimality method. Generally，better estimation of standard deviation and P respond value are obtained by D-optimality than that by the other two methods in any case.

Abstract:The real-time measurement of the SCB voltage，current and plasma temperature based on the double-line method of atomic emission spectroscopy was conducted by using high-speed digital oscilloscope. The curves of SCB plasma temperature and SCB consumed energy versus time were obtained. The effects of five different capacitances (6.8，15，47，68，100 μF) on the functioning time，SCB consumed energy and SCB plasma maximum temperature were analyzed respectively when the charging voltage was 21 V. The results show that there is a linear relationship between the maximum temperatures and the capacitances. SCB plasma maximum temperature increases from 2242 K to 3324 K when capacitance increases from 6.8 μF to 100 μF.

Abstract:Fourteen kinds of SCBs with V-type angle and hole were designed，and the electro-explosive performances including the function time，energy required were investigated with firing by capacitor discharge circuit. The plasma firing mechanism of SCB was analyzed. Results indicate that the function time and the energy required decrease significantly for SCB firing with the V-type angle on the SCB decreasing，while the holes have a little effect on the explosive performance of SCB.

Abstract:Uniform design was used to optimize the formula design of red phosphorus smoke agent. The four-component-formula and five-component-formula of red phosphorus smoke agent were obtained by regression analysis. The optimal formula were as follows: four-component-formula (coated red phosphorus 87%，KClO₄ 5.9%，Mg 2.5%，fluorine rubber 4.6%); five-component-formula (red phosphorus 68.8%，KNO₃ 14%，Mg 8.9%，chlorinated paraffin 3.8%，fluorine rubber 4.5%). Results show that the infrared transmittance in 8-14 μm of two formula of red phosphorus smoke agent were 12.81% and 11.92% when the relative humidity is 48% and mass concentration is 1 g·m^-3.

Abstract:Based on the mechanism of heat transfer，a one-dimensional finite difference model describing combustion process and array heat transfer of chemical microthruster was established. With this model，the temperature growth process and temperature distribution of unit wall of epoxy resin，7740# glass，microcrystal glass and silicon units filled with lead styphnate were obtained by numerical simulation. Results show that heat conductivity and combustion time of microthruster unit are the main factors affecting growth of temperature and integration level. Larger heat conductivity and longer combustion time lead to less microthruster unit on a same area. When heat conductivity increases by 100-1000 times，critical distance increases by 3.3-3.6 times，and when combusion time increases by 1 time，critical distance increases by 3-5 times. And critical distance is limited only in micron-size: silicon unit is 150-450 μm，and the other three types are 20-160 μm.

Abstract:In order to predict the chemical oxygen demand(COD) removal rate of the diazodinitrophenol(DDNP) wastewater treated by supercritical water oxidation(SCWO)，the HXDK-01-A intermittence type supercritical water oxidation device was used to dispose the actual industrial production wastewater，and the effects of reaction temperature，reaction pressure，residence time，oxygen excess on COD removal rate were studied. A single hidden layer Elman prediction model was established by using the reaction temperature，reaction pressure，residence time，oxygen excess as input variables，and using the COD removal rate as output. The MSE of the Elman model is 0.0418，the biggest error is -0.3231，and the least error is 0.0296，the MSE of the multiple regression is 0.3149，the biggest error is 0.8830，and the least error is 0.2200. The Elman neural network prediction results are better than that of multiple regression analysis. Results show that the Elman model can be adopted to predict the COD removal rate of the wastewater treated by SCWO.

Abstract:UV-Fenton process was applied to oxidize the unsymmetrialdimethy hydrazine(UDMH) wastewater. The optimal manufacturing process and the primary factors contribute to the UV-Fenton oxidation were determined by orthogonal experiments with removal efficiencies of the UDMH and COD in wastewater as two main monitor index，and the removal efficiencies of UDMH wastewater of five kinds of reaction systems were compared. Results show that when initial H₂O₂ is 1.5 times of the theoretical quantity(1.5 Qth)，the molar ratio of Fe²⁺ to H₂O₂ is 1：10，pH value is 3.5，room temperature is 25 ℃，and the reaction time is 45 min，the removal effciency of UDMH and COD is over 99% and 95.8% respectively. The change curves of degradation intermediate products CN- and HCHO and the UV-visible spectroelectrochemistry spectra of UDMH wastewater degradation processes were studied. Results show that UV-Fenton process is efficient in UDMH wastewater treatment.

Abstract:The synthesis of isotope labeled cyclotetramethylenetetramine (HMX) and its precursor，and the application of isotope tracing technique in the synthesis of HMX by acetic anhydride method and non-acetic anhydride method were summarized. The application of isotope tracing technology in the biodegradation process of energetic contaminants were also introduced. The study shows that HMX prepared from the acetic anhydride method tends to restructuring mechanism; HMX prepared from the TAT and DADN method is more inclined to the step-by-step degradation mechanism. HMX-¹⁴C can be used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of biological degradation products accurately.

Abstract:The status and development of 2，4-dinitroimidazole，4，5- dinitroimidazole，2，4，5-trinitroimidazole，azidoimidazole and their derivatives were summarized，and the aspect of the development of energetic imidazole compounds was also prospected.

Abstract:Silicone prepolymer for UV curing with C=C side group was prepared by hydrosilylation reaction of PHMS and HDDA in toluene using isopropanol solution of H₂PtCl₆ as a catalyst. The silicone prepolymer was characterized by FTIR and HNMR.

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