Abstract:The blasting temperature of Al-HMX composite explosives in enclosed condition was tested by the direct measurement to investigate the response characteristic and rule of the explosive detonation. The results show that the blasting temperature increases with the increasing of Al content. When Al content is in the range of 30%-40%，the blasting temperature is at its maximum (750 ℃), when Al content is 30%, the detonation heat is at its maximum, which indicate that the aluminized explosive reacts completely and the aluminum is used fully in enclosed condition.

Abstract:Low-sensitive high energetic formulations based on HMX were designed by using diaminoazofurazan (DAAzF) as additive. The safety, heat resistance stability and detonation property of formulations were studied by sensitivity test, gap test, DSC, VST and plate dent test. Results show that the addition of fine DAAzF decrease the sensitivity of HMX. By adding 5% DAAzF into HMX based pressing explosives, a low-sensitive high energetic composites is obtained. Its detonation velocity is above 8650 m·s^-1 and its impact sensitivity is 0%.

Abstract:Using electrical conductivity apparatus,electrical conductivity of emulsion explosive sensitized by two kinds of sensitizing agents was measured under dynamic pressure. Demulsification degree of emulsion explosive was denoted by electrical conductivity. Effects of the type and content of sensitizing agent on demulsification degree were analyzed. Experimental results show that the electrical conductivity of emulsion explosive increases with sensitizing agent content under the same dynamic pressure, on the other hand, with the same content of sensitizing agent, the electrical conductivity of emulsion explosive sensitized by glass micro-balloon (GMB) is less than that of sensitized by expanded perlite. So the dynamic pressure resistance ability of emulsion explosive sensitized by GMB is better than that of sensitized by expanded perlite. Reducing sensitizing agent content properly can reduce demulsification of emulsion explosive and improve its dynamic pressure resistance ability.

Abstract:The compound of 4,6-bis-(5-amino-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-5-nitro pyrimidine(DANTNP) was obtained by the nucleophilic reaction in ethanol using 5-amino-3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole(ANTA) and 4,6-dichlor-5-nitro-pyrimidine(DCNP) as materials,and the structure of DANTNP was confirmed by infrared spectrum (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrum (MS) and elementrany analysis (EI). The reaction conditions were optimized as: t=6 h,n_CH3ONa:n_ANTA:n_DCNP=2.64:2.4：1,n_ANTA：n_{18-crown-6-ether}=161,the yield of DANTNP is 68%. When adding 18-crown-6-ether,the yield of DANTNP reaches to 84%.

Abstract:The submicron CL-20 was prepared by solvent-nonsolvent method with different surfactants, and the influence factors about various kinds, quality and injecting styles of surfactants were analyzed. Results show that the uniform and block-like CL-20 with 1 μm, 2 μm are obtained using 2 g raw materials CL-20 with 3.5 mL 2% polyvinyl alcohol (PV), and with 6.5 mL 5% polyoxyethylene ether (PT) respectively. The particle with 1 μm and elliptoid uniform and narrow particle-size distribution are obtained by watering pot injecting method with 6.5 mL 5% PT. CL-20 has higher heat sensitivity and is still ε polymorph after fine.

Abstract:High purity nano HNS was prepared by the combination of solution quench recrystallization and solvent-antisolvent recrystallization. Results show that crystal appearance of nano HNS is smoother with particle size from 58.9 nm to 231.6 nm, and its purity is increased from 90.1% to 99.44%, the BET specific surface area is determined to be 19.27 m²·g^-1. Sensitivity tests for the raw HNS and nano HNS indicate that nano HNS is less sensitive to impact than raw HNS, but more sensitive to short impulse shock waves.

Abstract:The formulations of emulsion explosive made by loading machine were optimized to solve the problems such as low power, short storage and high pressure in transporting. The effect of sensitizing agent ratio,foaming time and emulsion matrix temperature on explosive density was studied, and the effect of emulsion matrix temperature on the transporting pressure of the pipeline was also studied. Results show that transporting pressure of the pipeline can be kept in a well-balanced condition and quality of emulsion explosive can be ensured when the explosive density is controlled in the range of 1.10-1.25 g·cm^-3, the sensitization agent mixture ratio is in the range of 1：15-1：30, the best foaming time is 15 min and the temperature of emulsion matrix must be controlled in the range of 40-50 ℃.

Abstract:The non-isothermal crystallizations of 3,4-dinitrofurzananofuroxan （DNTF）, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene(TNT) and DNTF-TNT eutectic system in RDX were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The results show that RDX and hexanitrostibene （HNS） added to DNTF，TNT and DNTF-TNT eutectic system can reduce the “super-cooling degree” and eliminate heating-self in crystallizations of these systems. The various kinetics models were used to investigate the crystallization behaviors of DNTF，TNT and DNTF-TNT eutectic systems. The crystallization kinetics exponents n were obtained by Avrami equation and the mechanism functions were proposed. Ozawa exponents m were obtained by Avrami-Ozawa equation, and activation energy of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics parameters for DNTF,TNT and DNTF-TNT were obtained to be -378.19,-260.70 and -145.59 kJ·mol^-1 respectively by Kissinger.

Abstract:The current sensitivity probability density function of energetic materials was deduced based on Frank-Kamenetskii parameter and resistance supposing as stochastic variable of normal distribution,by the application of the probability density formula of function in two random variables. The calculation method of current fire reliability of energetic materials was worked out too. Results show that the probability distribution of current sensitivity of energetic materials is not a simple mathematical function,but a very complicated function which is influenced by physical and chemical parameters of hot wire such as resistance,mass and specific heat, and influenced by physical and chemical parameters of energetic materials such as specific heat,density,reaction heat,frequency factor,thermal conductivity and activation energy.

Abstract:In order to obtain good ignition performance of the nitramine propellant,certain amount of potassium picrate with strong ignition ability was added.Three compositions with different formulations were designed,and their ignition performances were tested. The results show that the ignition delayed time of them were 1.79, 2.11 and 3.05 ms respectively. The potassium picrate in the formula can help to reduce the ignition delayed time and pressure rise time. Some characteristic parameters of actuated ability of three compositions were theoretically calculated according to the least free energy law and again verified by closed burner tests. It is obtained that different compositions have almost the same values of powder force and pressure impulse with 544 kJ·kg^-1 and 4 kPa·s respectively if the content of nitramine in each composition is maintained to be 10%.

Abstract:Poly-furazans on a chain(C_2nN_2n+2O_2n+3)(n=2-7) and on a circle (C_2nN_2nO_2n)(n=2-4，6) were optimized at B3LYP/6-31G theory level. The steady geometric configurations were obtained. The densities were calculated theoretically by Monte-Carlo method, and the enthalpies of formation were obtained by designing reactions having equal bonds and equal electronic pairs. The detonation velocities, detonation pressures and detonation heats were predicted by the formula of Kamlet. The relationships between detonation performance and n of two systems were studied, respectively. The results show that: (1) Detonation velocities, detonation pressures and detonation heats of two systems decrease with increasing of n; (2) The stabilities of poly furazans with oxy bridges on a circle are better than that on a chain when n is equal. Therefore,4，4′-dinitrobifurazan ether（n=2，chain）and 1，4-dioxino［2，3；5，6］oxadiazole（n=2，circle） are the target compounds for synthesis due to their good detonation performances.

Abstract:The difference of the delay time of non-primary detonator was compared by using PETN and RDX as the excitation powder, and the data were analyzed based on hot spot initiation theory. The results show that in non-primary instantaneous electric detonator, PETN and granulated RDX can be used as the excitation powder, but the delay-time of PETN (8.33 ms) is shorter than that of granulated RDX (9.35 ms), in non-primary non-electric delay detonator, the delay-time of the granulated RDX as the powder is steady; PETN can be used as the excitation powder in instantaneous or lower non-primary non-electric delayed detonator.

Abstract:Eight typical differential and integral isoconversional non-linear equations based on Kooij′s formula for computing the apparent activation energy (Ｅ_α) from isothermal and non-isothermal data were derived. The numerical methods of computing the value of Ｅ_α of decomposition reaction of energetic materials via the equations were presented.

Abstract:The frequency calculation on the intermittent disturbance is of importance for the penetration calculation of the escaping jet and the design of anti-shaped charge jet. A physical model was presented based on the analysis of interaction process. The effects of north atlantic treaty organization (NATO) angle and the plate velocity on the disturbance frequency were discussed and compared with experimental results. Results show that the disturbance frequency increases drastically when the NATO angle changes from 40° to 60°, and increases with the plate velocity.

Abstract:The thermal safety, friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of the pyrotechnics with modified and unmodified potassium chlorate(KClO₃) were tested and compared. Results show that compared with unmodified KClO₃, initial exothermic temperature of pyrotechnics with modified KClO₃ increases by 36.08 ℃,and the time to maximum rate prolongs more than 6 times, and its maximal pressure produced by unit mass, adiabatic temperature, friction sensitivity, impact sensitivity decreases by 0.63 MPa·g^-1, 95.99 ℃, 64% and 72% respectively.

Abstract:A novel triblock copolymer poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-polybutadiene-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (HTBCP) initiated by hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) and catalyzed by stannous octanoate ［Sn(Oct)₂］ was synthesized via the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone（ε-CL）. The copolymers with different molecular weight were prepared by changing the feed ratio of HTPB to ε-CL. The block copolymers were characterized by GPC,FTIR,¹HNMR,TG and DSC. The results show that the molecular weight of copolymers can be controlled by adjusting the feed ratio of ［HTPB］ to ［ε-CL］. TG and DSC indicate that all of the block copolymers exhibit good thermal stability. Their weight loss is less than 5% at 270 ℃ under nitrogen atmosphere. With amount of PCL units increasing,thermal stability of copolymers increases. The copolymers have only one glass transition and melting temperature, which reflect that two kinds of monomers are compatible in copolymer.

Abstract:The non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polyethylene glycol (PEG) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. The non-isothermal crystallization data of PEG was analyzed by the methods of Ozawa, Jeziorny, and MO Zhi-shen. Results show that the non-isothermal crystallization process of PEG may be described with Ozawa kinetic equation, but does not agree with Avrami equation processed in the Jeziorny method. The linearity of treating non-isothermal crystallization kinetic curves with Ozawa method and MO Zhi-shen method is better. Parameter of crystallization velocity for PEG is 0.098.

Abstract:The compatibility of trans-1,4,5,8-tetranitro tetraaza dacalin (TNAD) with some energetic components and inert materials of solid propellants was studied by using the DSC method. Where, cyclotetramethylenetetranitroamine(HMX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX),1, 4-dinitropiperazine (DNP),1.25/1-NC/NG mixture, lead 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-onate (NTO-Pb), aluminum powder (Al, particle size of 13.6 μm) and N-nitrodihydroxyethylaminedinitrate (DINA) were used as energetic components and polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyoxytetramethylene-co-oxyethylene (PET),addition product of hexamethylene diisocyanate and water (N-100), 2-nitrodianiline (2-NDPA), 1,3-dimethyl-1,3-diphenyl urea (C₂),carbon black (C.B.), aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃),cupric 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoate (β-Cu),cupric adipate (AD-Cu) and lead phthalate (φ-Pb) were used as inert materials. The results show that the binary systems of TNAD with NTO-Pb, RDX, PET and Al powder are compatible, TNAD with DINA and HMX are slightly sensitive, TNAD with 2-NDPA, φ-Pb, β-Cu, AD-Cu, and Al₂O₃ are sensitive, and TNAD with PEG, N-100, C₂ and C.B. are incompatible.

Abstract:Thermal decomposition of NEPE propellant containing hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) and high pressure (2, 4, 6, 8 MPa) was researched with pressure differential scanning calormetry(PDSC). The results show that the temperature and heat of thermal decomposition are changed according to adding catalysts. The variation change with pressure. The PDSC characteristic values,which are the square roots of heat release rate and pressure on PDSC tests, can be correlate to burning rate of NEPE propellant containing CL-20 using a linear equation. k_r, correlation factor of burning rate with PDSC characteristic value was given. k_r can be used to analyze the influence of burning catalysts on burning rate of CL-20-NEPE propellant.

Abstract:A numerical model for simulating the buringing rate and pressure of NEPE propellant was developed based on the chemical structure of component, thermal behavior and combustion characteristics. Burning rates of three NEPE propellant formula containing the aluminum were calculated and compared with the experimental results to study the effects of aluminum particle content and particle size on the propellants combustion characteristics systematically. Results show that the errors of burning rate of NEPE are within±15% between calculated and experimental results, and 70% in which is within±10%. The model predicts there is a low pressure exponent under 5 MPa by using 1-3 μm fine aluminum powder.

Abstract:The epoxidized hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (EHTPB) with different epoxide number was prepared by peroxide acetic acid in situ. EHTPB based polyurethane was prepared by curing with diisocyanates (toluene-diisocyanate（TDI）, isophorone-diisocyanate(IPDI) and 4,4-dicyclohexylmethane-diisocyanate(H₁₂MDI), and chain extender 1,4-butanediol(BDO)). Its structure was also analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results show that H₁₂MDI is a better solidified agent for improving mechanical properties of polyurethane. The optimal epoxide number of EHTPB is about 0.18 mol·(100 g)^-1. Mechanical properties of polyurethane can be improved by adding extender BDO. The optimal content of BDO is that the mole ratio of —OH(BDO) /—OH(EHTPB) is 1-2. The experimental results indicate that EHTPB/H₁₂MDI/BDO based polyurethane has the highest mechanical properties.

Abstract:Experimental studies on the explosion venting of aluminum dust were conducted in 1.3 L Hartmann tube connected to a vent duct. The experimental results show that the maximum reduced pressure increases with relieving pressure increasing. In the contrast,the maximum rate of pressure rise decreases with relieving pressure increasing. Vent duct being wider， the maximum reduced pressure is lower. There exists an optimum concentration making the maximum reduced pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise reach to a maximum. The concentration is higher than that of no duct venting. The effect of dust particle size on the maximum reduced pressure can be ignored，while the maximum rate of pressure rise increases with particle size decreasing. The higher pressure is measured in the condition of tube connected to a duct.

Abstract:Catalyst of SO₃H group supported on mesoporous MCM-41 was prepared by direct-synthesis method. The composition of acid sites on catalyst surface was discussed, and the catalytic performance of o-xylene regioselective nitration was investigated under various technology conditions. The structure of MCM-41-SO₃H was characterized by the gravimetry of BaSO₄, transmission electronic microscopy(TEM) and N₂ adsorption/desorption. Results show that mesoporous structure of MCM-41 is maintained in the MCM-41-SO₃H system, there are Bronsted acid sites on catalyst surface with high BET surface area of 560 m²·g^-1. The optimum conditions of technology are as follows: calcination temperature of catalyst is 290 ℃, the reaction is 65 ℃ for 3 h with m_o-xylene/m_catalyst being 27 and n_{nitric acid}/n_o-xylene being 2.5 to get o-xylene conversion of 92.4%, mass percentage of 3,4-dimethylnitrobenzene reaching up to 83.3%.

Abstract:Fluorous biphase system(FBS) formed by organic solvents and perfluorous nonene(PFN) or perfluorous hexane(PFH) and toluene nitration were investigated. The effects of nitration system, reaction time and temperature, perfluorous solvent on yield and ratio of p-nitrotoluene to o-nitrotoluene(R_p-/o-) were studied. PFN or PFH forms binary FBS with ethyl ether, tetrachloromethane, n-heptane and toluene respectively. The critical mutual soluble temperature depends on the contents of FBS. The yield is 93.8% and R_p-/o- is 0.66 in toluene nitration or n_toluene：n_HNO3：n_H2SO4：n_PFH=1：1：0.2：2.0 at 50 ℃ for 4 h. The perfluorous solvents can be recovered by simple phase separation and reused.

Abstract:Catalytic activity of silicotungstic acid for nitration of toluene was studied． Effects of some factors， including dosage of catalyst， calcination temperature of catalyst， nitrated reaction time and recovered catalyst, on the selectivity of toluene in mononitration at the presence of silicotungstic acid catalyst were studied by gas chromatography (GC)． The results show high selectivity when the temperature is controlled at 50 ℃， and the nitrated reaction time is 90 min， toluene is nitrated by using 95% nitric acid as nitrating reagent at the presence of acetic anhydride， 1.0 g silicotungstic acid catalyst is calcinated at 300 ℃ for 1.5 h. The o/p (ratio of ortho to paro isomer of toluene nitration) ratio is 0.89 in product distribution of toluene nitration， lower than 1.67 using sulfonitric acid as catalyst. The yield of products is 91.6%． The catalyst can be reutilized up to five times with little decrease in activity．

Abstract:Cloud explosion is the main characteristic of fuel-air explosive(FAE). The blast temperature parameters of two FAE testing bombs with liquid fuel and one with solid FAE were measured by infrared thermo-imaging technology. The temperature distribution of blast fireball at different times was obtained and the fuel casting phenomena were analyzed. Experimental results show that the surface temperature of blast fireball of FAE with liquid or solid fuel are 22.3% or 6.2% higher than that of TNT respectively when their charge quantities are the same. The high temperature durations of two FAE bombs are 1.95 and 1.23 times large than that of TNT, respectively. The fireball overcast area of liquid fuel is bigger than that of solid one. The thin shell treated with charactering grooves is beneficial to the fuel casting and dispersal.

Abstract:The research process of hydroxyl-terminated polyether (HTPE) propellants, including the development and production of HTPE binders, comparison between HTPE and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), aging of HTPE propellants and improving on insensitive property of HTPE propellants were reviewed. It is indicated that HTPE propellants can be used as alternative to HTPB propellants due to its remarkable insensitive property and perfect mechanics performance.

Abstract:N-methyl-N′-nitroguanidine (MeNQ) and ammonium nitrate (AN) could consist a eutectic mixture, which could be formulated to a series of melt/cast intermolecular explosives. The synthesis of MeNQ was reviewed, and MeNQ/AN based melt/cast intermolecular explosives was introduced. MeNQ/AN binary eutectic mixture is a kind of intermolecular complex whose melting point is above 100 ℃, which leads to avoid ingress of much water during their melt pouring. The properties of MeNQ/AN based melt/cast explosives is only just lower than that of Composition B, but their sensitivity and cost overmatch that of Composition B.

Abstract:The synthetic research and development of high energy density compound (HEDC) were reviewed. Diformyltetrahydroxypiperazine (DFTHP) is an important precursor compound for synthesizing the energetic compound and cyclic-nitroamines compound. The synthesis research of DFTHP can be divided into three periods—condensation reaction of piperazine, fused ring reaction of piperazine and cage reaction of piperazine. Both hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione (HHTDD) and hexanitrohexaazatricyclotetradecanedifuroxan (HHTTD) are the typical representatives of fused ring-nitroamine. 4,10-Dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxadiazatetrocyclo［5.5.0.0^5,9.0^3,11］dodecane (TEX) is the typical representative of cage nitroamine.

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