Abstract:The thermal decomposition processes of 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-N-nitromethyl amine(TNMA), bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl-N-nitro)ethylene diamine(BTNEDA) and 2,2,2-trinitroethyl-4,4,4-trinitrobutyrate(TNETB) under the conditions of vacuum,high loading density at low temperature and low loading density at high temperature were studied by using a highly sensitive Bourdon glass membrane manometer. The characteristic data, induction period(t_in), half decomposition period(t_1/2), initial decomposition rate(W₀), maximum decomposition rate(W_M), and time to maximum decomposition rate (t_M) at different temperatures for the thermal decomposition reaction of TNMA,BTNEDA and TNETB were obtained from the obtained standard volume of gas evolved (V_H) and decomposition rate (dV_H/dt) vs time (t) curves. The values of apparent activation energy E_a obtained by differential and integral isoconversional non-linear methods were used to check the validity of the values of apparent activation energy E_a obtained by plotting lgt_in, lgt_1/2 , lgW₀ , lgW_M and lgtM against 1/T. The results show that the relative error between the values of E_a and E_a corresponding to each characteristic datum is within ±10%.

Abstract:N-methyl-2-(3-nitrophenyl)fullerenopyrrolidine (MNPF) was synthesized with sarcosine, m-nitrobenzaldehyde and ［60］ fullerene as primary substances,the yield of MNPF was 95%(based on consumed C₆₀). Its structure was characterized by UV-vis, IR, MS and NMR. The thermal stability of MNPF was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and the effects of MNPF on the mechanical sensitivity and friction sensitivity of HMX were investigated. The results show that MNPF has good thermal stability. Compared with that of pure HMX, the friction sensitivity and impact sensitivity of HMX with 1% MNPF can be decreased to 48% and 50%, respectively.

Abstract:In order to improve energy output and impact security of 2，6-bis（picrylamino）-3，5-dinitropyridine（ＰＹＸ）,the micron PYX particle with mean particle diameter of 1.06 μm was prepared with solvent-nonsolvent recrystallization technology. The experiment was carried out with DMF (N,N-di-methylformamide) as solvent and distilled water as nonsolvent. Its particle size and distribution were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Laser particle size analysis. The results show that fine PYX ignition point of 5 s delay is decreased by 0.98%,its impact sensitivity is reduced by 152.62% and its steel engraving is increased by 9.94%.

Abstract:Octa-(dinitrophenyl) silsesquioxane (ODNPS) with the yields of 91% and 86% was synthesized by two nitration routes respectively. The composition and structure of the products were characterized by FTIR,²⁹Si NMR,XRD,etc. The results show that the one-step nitration produce octa (2,4-dinitrophenyl) silsesquioxane in major,and the two-step nitration give octa (3,5-dinitrophenyl) silsesquioxane and octa (2,4-dinitrophenyl) silsesquioxane. TGA test of the ODNPS shows that it detonates at 393 ℃. The volume of the released gas was 0.13 mL·g^-1·48 h（100 ℃） in the thermal stability test in vacuum. Impact sensitivity H₅₀ (specific height) was 30.7 cm using 10 kg drop hammer. At 5 MPa,the burning rate of the pressed ODNPS pellets was 4.42 mm·s^-1 with density of 1.85 g·cm^-3 by a burning rate measurement system with real time line scan camera. These indicate that ODNPS is a thermal stable energetic materials.

Abstract:With acetylacetone and hydrazine hydrate as primary substances, 1H,4H-3,6-dinitropyrazolo［4,3-C］ pyrazole(DNPP) was synthesized by the process of dehydration and condensation,the first nitration,reduction,diazotisation,intramolecular cyclic condensation,the second nitration,oxidation,decarboxylation and nitration in turn. The overall yield of DNPP was 9.3%. Its structure was confirmed by IR,¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and elemental analysis. The mechanism of intramolecular cyclization reaction was presented. The results provide academic and experimental basis for the further research on the pyrazolo［4,3-C］pyrazole explosives.

Abstract:The equilibrium states of KNO₃/C₆H₅NO₃/NC composition were calculated in least free-energy principle. The feasibility of new igniting charge substituting for black powder were disscussed from decomposition process,sensitivity and combustion property. Compared with black powder,impact,friction and electrostatic sensitivities of KNO₃/C₆H₅NO₃/NC composition decreased obviously. Combustion heat and working capabilities were increased by about 57% and 40%,respectively. Its use in central tube ignition system show that the peak value of in-bore pressure wave is about -20 MPa,and the interior ballistic properties are improved evidently.

Abstract:Tetraammine-cis-bis(5-nitro-2H-tetrazolato-N2) cobalt (Ⅲ) perchlorate (BNCP) superfine particles were obtained with fluid milling and cryogenic drying methods. The results show that their morphology become round and smooth,their particle sizes distribute from submicron to 2 μm,their surface areas increase from 0.087 m²·g^-1 to 10.8 m²·g^-1,and their impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity decrease.

Abstract:Effects of particle size of BNCP on Laser initiation sensitivity and delay time were investigated with BNCP doped with 3% carbon black by weight. The results show that with the decrease of the mean particle size of BNCP,the laser initiation threshold value and initiation explosive delay time are reduced to 2.17 mJ and 326.7 μs, respectively.

Abstract:The effects of RDX particle size on properties of CMDB propellant including mechanical property,combustion property, sensitivity property and energy property were studied. The results show that when RDX particle size changes from 92.02 μm to 17.35 μm,corresponding maximum tensile strength of CMDB propellant is enhanced by 54% at high temperature (50 ℃) and the elastic elongation is enhanced by 85% at low temperature (-40 ℃) respectively. Meanwhile,the burning rate of propellant at different pressure increases by 11.5% at its maximum. The characteristic height of impact sensitivity increases 5.1 cm,and the explosion percentage of friction sensitivity decreases by 75%.

Abstract:The solubility of carbohydrazide (CHZ) in deionized water, N,N-dimethylformamide, absolute ethanol, acetic acid and chloroform at 298.15 K were studied. Integral enthalpies of dissolution and thermokinetics of the dissolution reactions of CHZ in deionized water, acetic acid glacial were measured by using a SETARAM C80Ⅱ microcalorimeter, the differential enthalpies of solution, the standard heat effects, the rate constants and the reaction orders were all obtained: 19.60 and -6.880 kJ·mol^-1; -2.79×10^-2 and 1.16×10^-2 J; 2.721×10³ and 1.888×10³ s^-1; 0.778 and 0.610.

Abstract:The continuous specific heat capacities at constant pressure (C_p) of 2,4,6-trinitro-1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene(TNPG), mono-substituted sodium (Na₁TNPG), di-substituted (N_a2TNPG) and tri-substituted (Na₃TNPG) trinitrophloroglucinate were measured by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) method. The change of enthalpy and entropy were calculated at an interval of 5 ℃ in the range from 50 ℃ to 100 ℃. The temperature dependence of C_p were determined from the experimental values as C_p(J·g^-1·℃^-1)=a+bT+cT²+dT³ with the exception d=0 for the substituted sodium salts of TNPG. The deviation analysis indicates that DSC method is effective and can be used to measure the specific heat capacity of other energetic materials. The correlation coefficients that are close to 1 show that the C_p values of these compounds are well-regulated.

Abstract:The use of a sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) in incendiary agent was investigated to improve the energy properties of the pyrotechnics. Orthogonal law and REAL software were used to design and calculate the heat of incendiary agent with sodium borohydride. Addition of 20% sodium borohydride can make the whole energy of incendiary agent increased by 14.3%, which provide a way to develop a new kind of pyrotechnics. An optimized formulation of incendiary agent is determined as Ba(NO₃)₂：RP：Mg：NaBH₄= 60：10：10：20. The experimental results of DSC analysis, mechanical sensitivity and burning show that the optimized formula with NaBH₄ have lower sensitivity (the 50% drop height is 30.2 cm) and better burning effects (the heat value is 3321.61 kJ·kg^－１) compared with that without NaBH₄, and are in good agreement with the formulation calculation results by REAL software. The research results provide an important basis for development of new pyrotechnics with high energy.

Abstract:The static and dynamic mechanical properties of gun propellants containing NC, RDX and polyether-urethane PET with mixed nitrate easter as plasticzing agent （JMZ gun propellants） were tested by DMA and materials tester at different temperatures. The influence rule of prepolymers of PET and curing agent contents on mechanical properties of propellants were obtained. The results show that when molecular mass of PET prepolymer with 2 functional groups increases,impact strength of JMZ gun propellant descends. Molecular mass of PET prepolymer with 3 functional groups has little influence on impact strength of JMZ gun propellants. Mechanical properties of JMZ gun propellants were optimized with curing agent content of about 200%-450% quantity for curing PET prepolymer（JMZ propellants containing 20% NC）. The results also show that contents and functionality of PET materials affect the mechanical properties of propellants，and the mechanical properties of propellants are improved by using 3 functional group polyether poitamine and appropriate molecular mass.

Abstract:In order to evaluate energy parameters of propellant accurately and impersonally, thermodynamic parameters of different propellant formulations were computed by potential energy method, and the correlations between the thermodynamic parameters and expanding power capability of propellant combustion gas in barrel weapon were researched. The results show that the thermodynamic properties of propellant combustion gas products have an important effect on its expanding power, and the correlation between conventional energy parameters such as impetus, potential energy and its power capability is not identical. When propellant is used in weapons with larger gas expanding ratio, the power capability accords with potential energy, and the power capability accords with impetus when gas expanding ratio is small.

Abstract:A quantitative method,i.e. confined quasi-static compressing method was used to evaluate the statistical coherence strength of energetic crystalline granules. Termed Initial Secant Modulus (ISM) based on compressive stiffness curve was defined to characterize the mechanical property or coherence strength of energetic granular aggregation. Mock crystalline materials, i.e. salt, sugar and monosodium glutamate (MSG) for HMX, RDX and NTO respectively were selected to verify this method. Three types of crystalline RDX granules, i.e. sample a (recrystallized from mixed solvent), sample b (sphered by solvent soaking method) and sample c (industry grade coarse granules) were compressed in a thick-wall steel cylinder, and ISMs of the three types of RDX aggregation were measured to be 89.5 MPa， 85.0 MPa and 48.0 MPa, respectively. The results show that recrystallization processes improve coherence strength and quality of RDX crystalline granules compared to industry grade coarse RDX, while two recrystallization processes cause little difference in coherence strength of processed granules.

Abstract:According to the features of high velocity rod-shaped projectile and classical theory of shaped jet, formation qualifications of high velocity rod-shaped projectile were analyzed and some design guidelines were put forward. Ｔhe shaped charge with modified hemispherical liner was simulated by LS-DYNA software. The formation process and mechanism of the high velocity rod-shaped projectile were obtained. The effects of structural parameters of liner and initiation methods on projectile formation and performance parameters were shown by simulation, the interrelations of structural parameters of liner were preliminarily fixed on: the inner radius of liner R₁=(0.55-0.6)D, outer radius R2=(0.58-0.62)D, height H=(0.3-0.35)D, half cone angle α＝82°-86°, where D is diameter of liner.

Abstract:The area and volume of dent in concrete covered and bitumen concrete covered multi-layer targets that created by semi-armour-piercing projectile blasting were tested. The deforming process of blasting funnel and the damage effect of multi-layer targets were discussed. Theory analysis and high-speed photograph indicate that, after blasting, radial cracks appear firstly, then circular cracks appear, and the radial cracks impenetrate with circular crack forming fracture zone. The range of radial crack is larger than that of circular crack. Experimental results indicate that the optimal blasting depth of semi-armour-piercing projectile in concrete covered multi-layer targets is less than in the other targets, which can be helpful to optimize the fusee in projectile. The largest dent volume and dent sectional area in bitumen concrete covered multi-layer targets created by semi-armour-piercing projectile blasting are larger than that in concrete covered multi-layer targets.

Abstract:The proceedings of jet formation to whole hemispherical liner and hemispherical liner with hole were numerically simulated with the finite element code LS-DYNA3D. The distinctions between the whole hemispherical liner and the hemispherical liner with hole were presented by theoretical and numerical way. The distinctions between velocity and offset direction were accentuated. The theoretical presents and numerical results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data, and are reasonable and helpful for engineering design.

Abstract:The oxidation temperature and oxidation induction time of n-dodecane,a main component in aviation fuel,were determined by means of pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). The oxidation activation energy and pre-exponential factors of n-dodecane were obtained by two ways from Flynn-Wall-Ozawa equation to be 154.37 and 154.56 kJ·mol^-1,16.60 and 16.64 min^-1, respectively. The oxidation activation energy of n-dodecane was calculated from Arrhenius modifying equation to be 139.59 kJ·mol^-1. The thermal stability of n-dodecane were evaluated from the view of chemical dynamics.

Abstract:The flying and distributing characteristic of the fragments was analyzed. The engineering calculation method for the lethal probability of the blast-fragmentation warhead exploding in the air was introduced. By this method, the contours of the lethal probability and fragments hit density were shaped, the curves of the damage area varied with the exploding height were described at the different lethal probability. The results show that the damage area has a peak value when v_c=700 m·s^-1, θ_c=70°, and the lethal probability is equal to 0.5 or 0.8. The peak value is corresponding to the optimal exploding height of 8 m. The curves of fragments hit density on the different direction of the warhead are coincident with the experimental value.

Abstract:The solid surface free energy components of ε-CL-20 were determined by the Washburn equation with the thin-layer wicking technique. The results show that the surface free energy components of ε-CL-20 from different liquids are in good agreement with each other. The total surface free energy r^T_s of ε-CL-20 is 42.65 mJ·m^-2, which accords with the theoretic calculation result 41.28 mJ·m^-2. The other determined values are dispersive component r^LW_s=40.61 mJ·m^-2, polar component r^AB_s =2.042 mJ·m^-2, electron acceptor component r＋s =0.32 mJ·m^-2 and electron donor component r^-_s=13.02 mJ·m^-2. The results also show that the apolar component is the main part in the surface free energy and ε-CL-20 is a bipolar solid, which is more basic than acid.

Abstract:An infrared image recognizing system was developed based on VC++.NET, and digital image processing was done to the solid rocket plume images with it. The luminance distribution of solid rocket plume was obtained, and the analysis and parameter identification of solid rocket plume was realized. The results show that the system is suitable for the total analysis and parameter identification of solid rocket plume images,and it provide a new method for analysis and parameter identification of solid rocket plume.

Abstract:In view of the difficulty in treating high concentration nitrogen oxides in explosive industry,a new absorption equipment－rotating packed bed was applied to increase the efficiency of the absorbent treatment of nitrogen oxides,reduce the costs of treatment and reach the discharging standards. NaOH solution was used as absorbent; the effect of gas flow,liquid gas ratio,high gravity factors and the concentration of NaOH solution on absorptivity were investigated. The results show that the absorption efficiency of single stage can amount to 81.8% at a gas flow rate of 2 m³·h^-1, liquid gas ratio of 20 L ·m^-3 and high gravity factors of 90. Absorption efficiency of double stages with oxidation equipment can amount to 95.4%.

Abstract:The specific property of the O₃/H₂O oxidative treatment of TNT red-water in a rotating packed bed was investigated. The experiments were carried out to examine the effect of various operating variables, such as high gravity factors β,the molar ratios of H₂O₂ to O₃,initial pH value of red-water and ratio of liquid to gas on the removal efficiency of COD in red-water. The results show that the effect of high gravity factors on the removal efficiency of COD in red-water increases with increasing of initial pH value of red-water. However,the effect is not obvious as high gravity factors are higher than 100. And the removal efficiency of COD increases with increasing of ratio of liquid to gas, then decreases with increasing of ratio of liquid to gas. The optimum process conditions are found when the initial pH value is about 11, the molar ratio of H₂O₂ to O₃ is about 1, and the ratio of liquid to gas is about 0.25.

Abstract:The treatment of TNT wastewater were carried out by supercritical water oxidation (SCWO). The results show that SCWO can efficiently degrade organics in TNT wastewater with O₂ oxidant. Reaction temperature,pressure, residence time and oxygen excess are the main influence factors in removing COD （chemical oxygen demand）of TNT wastewater. The COD removal efficiency can be notably improved as reaction temperature increases. With the temperature 550 ℃,the pressure 24 MPa, the residence time 120 s, and oxygen excess 300%, the COD removal rate is over 99.80%.

Abstract:The physic-chemistry, detonation properties of GUDN(FOX-12) were reviewed, and its latest applications were introduced in detail. GUDN possesses high energy (approaches RDX), low sensitivity(approaches TATB), excellent thermal stability, non-hygroscopic, cold water insolubility, great gas production and innocuous. Moreover, GUDN is compatible with usual additives used for energetic materials. It is expected that GUDN is applicable in propellant, gas generating composition and insensitivity explosive with a broad prospect.

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