CHINESE JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS
+Advanced Search
en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
参考文献 1
于娜娜, 王笃政.HMX的合成工艺研究进展[J]. 化工中间体, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.
YUNa‑na, WANGDu‑zheng. Review on the technology of synthesis of HMX[J]. Chemical Intermediate, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.
参考文献 2
SunS, ZhangH, LiuY. Transitions from separately crystallized CL‑20 and HMX to CL‑20/HMX cocrystal based on solvent media[J].Crystal Growth & Design,2018, 18(1): 77-84.
参考文献 3
RadhakrishnanS, TalawarM B, S. SynthesisVenugopalan, characterization and thermolysis studies on3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane (DPT): a key precursor in the synthesis of most powerful benchmark energetic materials (RDX/HMX) of today[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008, 152(3): 1317-1324.
参考文献 4
宋红燕, 王鹏, 覃光明, 等.一锅法合成二硝基五亚甲基四胺反应机理的研究[J]. 有机化学, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.
SONGHong‑yan, WANGPeng, QINGuang‑ming, et al. Reaction mechanism of one‑pot synthesis of dinitro pentamethylene tetramine[J]. Chinese of Journal Organic Chemistry, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.
参考文献 5
HeZ, LuoJ, LuC. Synthesis of HMX via nitrolysis of DPT catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids[J]. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 8(2): 83-91.
参考文献 6
陈里, 陈浙闽, 陈新虎.在硝酸一硝酸盐体系中DPT硝解反应的探索[J]. 火炸药, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.
CHENLi, CHENZhe‑min , CHENXin‑hu. The explore of nitrolysis of DPT by nitrate and nitric acid system[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.
参考文献 7
李全良, 陈军, 王建龙.DPT 制备HMX工艺研究[J]. 含能材料, 2007, 15(5): 509-510.
LIQuan‑liang, CHENJun, WANGJian‑long. Synthesis craft of HMX from 1,5‑methylene‑3, 7‑dintrio‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazacyclooctane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2007, 15(5): 509-510.
参考文献 8
黄晓川, 徐志斌, 孟子晖, 等.硝酸‑硝酸铵体系中DPT硝解制备 HMX 工艺研究[J]. 应用化工, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.
HUANGXiao‑chuan, XUzhi‑bin, MENGzi‑hui, et al. Synthesis of HMX by nitrolysis of DPT in HNO3‑NH4NO3[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.
参考文献 9
HeZ Y, LuoJ, LuC X. Preparation of HMX by catalytic nitrolysis of DPT in AIL‑N2O5‑HNO3 system[J]. Bull Korean Chem Soc. 2011, 32(8): 2677-2682.
参考文献 10
ZhiH Z, LuoJ, FengG A. An efficient method to synthesize HMX by nitrolysis of DPT with N2O5 and a novel ionic liquid[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2009, 20(4): 379-382.
参考文献 11
何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪,等.N2O5硝解DPT制备HMX[J]. 火炸药学报, 2010, 33(2):1-4.
HEZhi‑yong, LUOJun, Chun‑xuLÜ, et al. Synthesis of HMX from DPT by green nitrolysis with dinitrogen pentoxide[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2010, 33(2): 1-4.
参考文献 12
BachmannW E, JennerE L. 1‑Acetoxymethyl‑3,5,7‑trinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane and its reactions.significance in the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine and related compounds[J]. Journal of American Chemical Society, 1951, 73(6): 2773-2775.
参考文献 13
MckayA F, RichmondH H, WrightG F. Nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine; nitrolysis of 1,5‑endomethylene‑3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane[J]. Canadian Journal Research. 1949, 27(5):462-468.
参考文献 14
何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪, 等.3, 7‑二硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂双环 [3.3. 1] 壬烷的硝解副产物及硝解机理[J]. 含能材料, 2012, 20(1): 5-8.
HEZhi‑yong, LUOJun, Chun‑xuLÜ, et al. Mechanism and by‑products of nitrolysis 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2012, 20(1): 5-8.
参考文献 15
LiuW J, XuZ B, CuiK J, et al. The nitrolysis mechanism of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2015, 40 (5):645-651.
参考文献 16
ZhangY, ZouP, LuoJ. A groundbreaking stepwise protocol to prepare HMX from DPT: new mechanism hypothesis and corresponding process study[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2017,42(10): 1208-1213.
参考文献 17
HUANGXiao‑chuan, YuTao, GEZhong‑xue, et al. Influence of ammonium ion of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane (DPT)[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2015, 23(11): 1151-1154.
参考文献 18
张宇, 徐子帅, 罗军, 等.DPT与红烟硝酸反应制备MNX[J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(5): 398-403.
ZHANGYu, XUZhi‑shuai, LUOJun, et al. Synthesis of MNX from DPT in nitric acid[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials (Hanneng Cailiao), 2018, 26(5): 398-403.
参考文献 19
FarminerA R, WebbG A. NMR studies on some N‑nitramines and N‑nitrosamines[J]. Tetrahedron, 1975, 31(13): 1521-1526.
参考文献 20
ZhangY, ZouP, HanY B, et al. A combined experimental and DFT mechanistic study for the unexpected nitrolysis of N‑hydroxytmethyldialkyiamines in fuming nitric acid[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(34): 19310-19316.
参考文献 21
苏秋宁, 唐辉, 刘志达.重氮化反应及其应用[J]. 精细化工中间体, 2012 (3): 13-16.
SUQiu‑ning, TANGHui, LIUZhi‑da. The synthesis and application of diazonium[J]. Fine Chemical Intermediates, 2012 (3): 13-16.
参考文献 22
ButlerR N. Diazotization of heterocyclic primary amines[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1975, 75(2): 241-257.
参考文献 23
周恩泽, 王志广.一甲胺硝酸盐原料路线的探讨[J]. 辽宁化工, 1994(2): 51-52.
ZHOUEn‑ze, WANGZhi‑guang. A discussion for the Synthesis of monomethylamine nitrate[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 1994(2): 51-52.
参考文献 24
HeC F, WangX, SunY Q, et al. Theoretical Study of the Gaseous Hydrolysis of NO2 in the Presence of Amines[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016, 121(1): 226-237.
目录 contents

    摘要

    用CH3NH2·HCl代替NH4NO3作为3,7‑二硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)与发烟硝酸反应的添加剂,考察了CH3NH2·HCl对生成1‑亚硝基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷(MNX)的影响。研究了CH3NH2·HCl促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX的工艺,考察了发烟硝酸和CH3NH2·HCl的加入量、反应时间和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明,通过正交实验确定的最佳反应条件为:n(DPT)∶n(CH3NH2·HCl)=1∶2.5,反应时间10 min,反应温度-25 ℃。在最优反应条件下MNX的收率为78.5%。本方法避免使用NaNO2溶液和N2O4作为亚硝基来源,简化了MNX的制备工艺,且反应废液容易处理,硝酸回收率为75%。CH3NH2·HCl对DPT与发烟硝酸反应的促进作用比NH4NO3的显著,提出了CH3NH2·HCl(或NH4NO3)分解成CH3NH3(或NH3)作为Lewis碱催化剂促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应的可能机理,其中涉及到硝酸通过氧化还原反应生成亚硝酸作为亚硝基来源的过程。

    Abstract

    CH3NH2·HCl was used to replace NH4NO3 as an additive in the reaction of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DPT) in fuming nitric acid, and the effect of CH3NH2·HCl on the formation of 1‑nitroso‑3,5,7‑trinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazacyclooctane (MNX) was investigated. The process of preparing MNX by CH3NH2·HCl promoting the reaction of DPT with fuming nitric acid was studied. The effects of loading amounts of fuming nitric acid and CH3NH2·HCl, reaction temperature and reaction time on the reaction were investigated. Results show that the optimum reaction conditions determined by orthogonal experiments are: n (DPT)∶n(CH3NH2·HCl)=1∶2.5,reaction time 10 min and reaction temperature -25 ℃. Under the optimum reaction conditions, the yield of MNX is 78.5%. This method avoids using NaNO2 solution and N2O4 as nitroso resource and simplifies the preparation process of MNX. The waste liquid is easy to be treated. The recovery of nitric acid is 75%. CH3NH2·HCl can promote the reaction of DPT with fuming nitric acid more significantly than NH4NO3. A possible mechanism of promoting the reaction of DPT and fuming nitric acid via decomposing CH3NH2·HCl (or NH4NO3) into CH3NH2 (or NH3) as a Lewis base catalyst is proposed, which involves the process of nitrous acid formation from nitric acid through a redox reaction as nitroso resource.

  • 1 引 言

    1

    1,3,5,7‑四硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷(HMX)是当前综合性能最好的单质炸药之[1,2]。目前以尿素为原料,制备3,7‑二硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂双环[3.3.1]壬烷(DPT)再合成HMX的小分子法被认为是具有实际应用前景、原料成本最低的一种方法,在工业上有望代替醋酐[3‑4]。NH4NO3在DPT硝解制备HMX中起着关键的作用,尽管NH4NO3促进制备HMX的工艺研究不断被报道,然而由于NH4NO3促进反应的机理至今尚未有定论,导致HMX的收率没有突破性的进[5,6,7,8,9,10,11]。比较普遍的观点认为,DPT硝解反应中,首先是其亚甲基桥先断裂得到关键中间体1‑羟甲基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷,再硝解生成HMX,其中NH4NO3的加入能有效抑制羟甲基中间体的酯化,从而促进羟甲基的离去生成HMX[12,13,14,15,16]。黄晓川[17]发现与NH4NO3一样,(NH4)2HPO4、(NH4)2SO4和CH3COONH4均能促进DPT的硝解反应,且利用量子力学计算推测NH 4 + 的加入有利于关键中间体1‑羟甲基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷中羟甲基的离去,从而降低反应活化能,促进反应的进行。

    近年,刘文[15]、张[16]分别利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和核磁共振氢谱1H NMR)跟踪DPT与发烟硝酸反应,发现在硝解过程中有亚硝中间体1‑亚硝基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷(MNX)出现,且HMX的量随中间体MNX的减少而增加,提出了DPT经过亚硝中间体MNX再硝解得到HMX的历程。而对于NH4NO3的加入有利于中间体MNX的生成仍然没有合理的解释。根据此机理,本课题[16,18]前期设计了DPT经亚硝中间体MNX制备HMX的工艺。虽然此工艺对比传统的一锅法能有效的提高HMX的收率,但在制备MNX时,需向体系额外滴加亚硝酸钠溶液或N2O4,增加了工艺的复杂性。

    为此,本研究对比CH3NH2·HCl和NH4NO3催化DPT与发烟硝酸反应生成MNX的影响,同时还研究了CH3NH2·HCl促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX的工艺,提出了CH3NH2·HCl或NH4NO3作为Lewis碱促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX的反应机理。

  • 2 实验部分

    2
  • 2.1 试剂与仪器

    2.1

    试剂:DPT自[11],发烟硝酸,分析纯,国药集团化学试剂有限公司;甲胺盐酸盐,分析纯,阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。

    仪器:瑞士Bruker公司AVANCE Ⅲ型500 MHz核磁共振仪;美国Thermofisher公司Nicolet傅里叶变换红外光谱仪;美国Finnigan公司Finnigan TSQ Quantum ultra AM型质谱仪;美国Finnigan公司Finnigan TSQ Quantum ultra AM型质谱仪。

  • 2.2 甲胺盐酸盐促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX

    2.2

    在-25 ℃下,称取0.78 g (11.5 mmol)CH3NH2·HCl加入到8 mL (184 mmol)发烟硝酸中,剧烈搅拌下,将1 g (4.6 mmol)DPT分批加入体系中,搅拌10 min,缓慢滴加20 mL的水,控制温度不高于0 ℃,抽滤,水洗,干燥,得到MNX。合成路线见Scheme 1

    IR(ν/cm-1): 3054, 1558, 1446, 1313, 1212, 1021, 757, 631(与文献[15]报道一致)1H NMR (DMSO‑d6, 500 MHz)δ:6.36(s, 2H), 6.13(S, 2H), 6.03(s, 2H), 5.71(s, 2H)13C NMR(DMSO‑d6, 125 MHz)δ:65.83, 64.38,64.05,56.07(与文献[19]结果吻合);ESI‑MS: m/z[(M+H)+]: 281.06。

    Scheme 1 Synthetic route of MNX

  • 3 结果与讨论

    3
  • 3.1 CH3NH2·HCl和NH4NO3对DPT与发烟硝酸反应的影响对比

    3.1

    本课题[20]前期结合量子力学方法计算了NH4NO3促进N‑羟甲基二烷基胺在发烟硝酸中的亚硝解反应,发现NH4NO3是以NH3的形式作为Lewis碱催化剂参与反应,在氢键的作用下NH3与硝酸中的少量水及底物形成双环过渡态,羟基氢原子转移至NH3上增大了底物的亲核性,从而有利于NO+的进攻生成N‑亚硝基胺。因此,推测NH4NO3在DPT与发烟硝酸反应中是作为Lewis碱催化剂,促进关键中间体1‑羟甲基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷的羟基氢原子转移,增加与羟甲基相连氮原子的电子云密度,从而有利于NO+的进攻生成MNX。基于此,认为在NH4NO3的氨基氮原子上引入供电性基团(如甲基)增加该氮原子的电子云密度,更有利于其与N‑羟甲基中间体的羟基络合,促进氢原子的转移从而促进反应的进行。

    因此,用1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与8 mL(184 mmol)发烟硝酸在-15 ℃下反应15 min,对比添加等摩尔量(11.5 mmol)NH4NO3和CH3NH2·HCl条件下的反应,结果如表1所示。

    表1 DPT在HNO3/NH4NO3、HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl和HNO3体系下硝解‑亚硝解反应收率的对比

    Table 1 Comparison of the yields of nitrolysis‑nitrosolysis reaction of DPT in HNO3/NH4NO3, HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl and HNO3 system

    reaction systemyield / %
    fuming HNO3/NH4NO354.9
    fuming HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl72.2
    fuming HNO345.5
    表1
                    DPT在HNO3/NH4NO3、HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl和HNO3体系下硝解‑亚硝解反应收率的对比

    从表1可见,在发烟硝酸中反应MNX的收率仅为45.5%;加入NH4NO3后MNX的收率提高了大约10%;而用等摩尔量的CH3NH2·HCl代替NH4NO3,MNX的收率大幅度提高至72.2%,可见CH3NH2·HCl的催化效果优于NH4NO3

  • 3.2 CH3NH2·HCl促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX工艺研究

    3.2
  • 3.2.1 甲胺盐酸盐用量对MNX收率的影响

    3.2.1

    在-15 ℃下,取1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与8 mL发烟硝酸(184 mmol)反应15 min,考察CH3NH2·HCl用量对MNX收率的影响,结果如图1所示。

    由图1可知,MNX的收率随着甲胺盐酸盐用量的增加而升高,当加入的甲胺盐酸盐与DPT的摩尔比为2.5∶1时,MNX的收率最高,达到72.2%。当继续增加甲胺盐酸盐的用量,体系开始变浑浊,MNX的收率开始下降,当加入的甲胺盐酸盐与DPT的摩尔比为4∶1时,MNX的收率仅为64.4%。原因可能是,由于甲胺盐酸盐在体系中的溶解度有限,加入过量的甲胺盐酸盐导致体系固体系含量过高,不利于传质,从而不利于反应的进[18]。因此,当甲胺盐酸盐与DPT的摩尔比为2.5∶1时最优。

    图1
                            CH3NH2·HCl用量对MNX收率的影响

    图1 CH3NH2·HCl用量对MNX收率的影响

    Fig. 1 Effect of loading amount of CH3NH2·HCl on the yield of MNX

  • 3.2.2 发烟硝酸用量对MNX收率的影响

    3.2.2

    在-15 ℃和0.78 g CH3NH2·HCl(11.5 mmol)存在下,取1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与一定量的硝酸反应15 min,考察发烟硝酸用量对MNX收率的影响,结果如图2所示。由图2可知,当硝酸与DPT的摩尔比为40∶1时,MNX的收率最佳(72.2%)。这可能是因为减少硝酸的用量,反应不完全,收率降低。而大过量的硝酸又会导致开环副反应的发生,降低MNX的收[16,18]。因此,当硝酸与DPT的摩尔比为40∶1时最优。

    图2
                            发烟硝酸用量对MNX收率的影响

    图2 发烟硝酸用量对MNX收率的影响

    Fig.2 Effect of loading amount of fuming HNO3 on the yield of MNX

  • 3.2.3 反应时间对MNX收率的影响

    3.2.3

    在-15 ℃和0.78 g CH3NH2·HCl(11.5 mmol)存在下,取1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与8 mL发烟硝酸(184 mmol)反应,考察反应时间对MNX收率的影响,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,当反应时间为5 min时,MNX的收率为70.4%。延长反应时间至15 min,MNX的收率升高至72.2%。继续延长反应时间,MNX收率开始下降,这可能是因为反应时间过长导致开环副反应的发[16,18]。因此,反应时间为15 min时最优。

    图3
                            反应时间对MNX收率的影响

    图3 反应时间对MNX收率的影响

    Fig.3 Effect of reaction time on the yield of MNX

  • 3.2.4 反应温度对MNX收率的影响

    3.2.4

    在0.78 g CH3NH2·HCl(11.5 mmol)存在下,取1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与8 mL发烟硝酸(184 mmol)反应15 min,考察反应温度对MNX收率的影响,结果如图4所示。

    图4
                            反应温度对MNX收率的影响

    图4 反应温度对MNX收率的影响

    Fig.4 Effect of reaction temperature on the yield of MNX

    由图4可知,当反应温度为-25 ℃时,MNX的收率到达最优(78.5%),升高温度和降低温度都不利于反应。这可能是在较高温度下,硝酸的硝化活性增强,八元环结构发生了开环副反应;而在较低温度下,原料在硝酸中的溶解度下降,从而降低了MNX的收[16]。可见反应温度为-25 ℃最优。

  • 3.2.4 正交实验

    3.2.4

    为进一步确定CH3NH2·HCl促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX的最佳工艺条件,取1 g DPT(4.6 mmol)与8 mL发烟硝酸(184 mmol)采用用L16(43)做正交实验,优化实验结果。因素水平见表2,正交实验结果见表3

    由表3可知,RA>RC>RB,即影响MNX收率的因素主次顺序为甲胺盐酸盐的加入量>反应温度>反应时间。优化后的反应条件为A2B1C2,即甲胺盐酸盐与DPT的摩尔比为2.5∶1,反应温度为-25 ℃,反应时间为10 min。此条件下MNX的收率为78.5%。

    在反应结束后,同时对反应的废酸进行回收,在水浴35 ℃下,用减压(12.5 kPa)蒸馏获得硝酸,其中硝酸的回收率为75%。

    表2 因素水平表

    Table 2 Factors and levels table

    levelABC
    n(CH3NH2·HCl)∶n(DPT)

    reaction

    time / min

    reaction

    temperature / ℃

    12∶110-30
    22.5∶115-25
    33∶120-20
    43.5∶125-15
    表2
                    因素水平表

    表3 正交实验结果

    Table 3 Results of the orthogonal experiments

    entryABCyield / %
    R6.21.24.6
    111174.5
    212275.7
    313373.2
    414470.6
    521278.5
    622176.9
    723471.8
    824374.9
    931373.3
    1032470.5
    1133174.2
    1234275.1
    1341468.4
    1442369.0
    1543270.2
    1644169.5
    K1j294.0294.7296.0
    K2j302.1292.1299.5
    K3j293.1289.4290.4
    K4j277.1290.1281.3
    k1j73.573.774.0
    k2j75.573.074.9
    k3j73.372.472.6
    k4j69.372.570.3
    表3
                    正交实验结果
  • 3.3 机理推测

    3.3

    伯胺在酸性条件下容易与亚硝酸发生重氮化反[21,22,23],而发烟硝酸中含有少量亚硝酸及其同系物。在-15 ℃下将0.78 g CH3NH2·HCl与8 mL发烟硝酸混合搅拌,没有观察到明显的重氮化反应现象(若发生重氮化反应体系呈明显红色[21,22]。何志勇[11]发现在无水体系(N2O5/有机溶剂)中硝解DPT基本得不到HMX。本课[20]组定量研究水对N‑羟甲基二烷基胺在硝酸中亚硝解反应的影响,发现体系中必须有少量水存在,该反应才能顺利进行。CH3NH2·HCl在过量的硝酸体系中变成了CH3NH2·HNO3[23,24],根据3.1、3.2的结果及文献[20],提出CH3NH2·HCl(或NH4NO3)分解产生的CH3NH3(或NH3)作为Lewis碱促进DPT与发烟硝酸反应生成MNX的可能反应机理(Scheme 2):首先DPT桥亚甲基上的氮原子受NO2+进攻生成中间体1‑羟甲基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷(Int)。其次,CH3NH2·HNO3(或NH4NO3)中的CH3NH2(或NH3)与羟甲基中间体和H2O在氢键的作用下形成双环过渡态(TS)。然后,羟基中的氢通过与CH3NH2(或NH3)氮形成氢键而提高氧原子上的负电荷密度,从而提高三级胺氮原子的负电荷密度,造成三级胺氮原子更易受到NO+进攻生成MNX并离去甲醛。生成的甲醛与硝酸发生氧化还原反应生成甲酸和亚硝酸,亚硝酸再在硝酸作用下生成NO+。此过程循环使亚硝解反应不断进行。

    Scheme 2 Possible reaction mechanism

  • 4 结 论

    4

    (1)相比NH4NO3,CH3NH2·HCl对DPT与发烟硝酸反应生成MNX催化作用更明显,避免了使用NaNO2N2O4等亚硝基前体,简化了DPT制备MNX的工艺,具有一定的应用前景。

    (2)通过单因素实验和正交实验研究了DPT与发烟硝酸反应制备MNX工艺,发现对反应影响大小顺序为:CH3NH2·HCl的加入量>反应温度>反应时间。其最佳反应条件为甲胺盐酸盐与DPT的摩尔比为2.5∶1,反应温度为-25 ℃,反应时间为10 min。此条件下MNX的收率为78.5%。

    (3)提出了反应的可能机理:CH3NH2·HCl(或NH4NO3)分解生成的CH3NH3(或NH3),作为Lewis碱催化剂促进DPT硝解关键中间体1‑羟甲基‑3,5,7‑三硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂环辛烷在发烟硝酸中发生亚硝解反应,生成MNX。

  • 参考文献

    • 1

      于娜娜, 王笃政.HMX的合成工艺研究进展[J]. 化工中间体, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.

      YU Na‑na, WANG Du‑zheng. Review on the technology of synthesis of HMX[J]. Chemical Intermediate, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.

    • 2

      Sun S, Zhang H, Liu Y. Transitions from separately crystallized CL‑20 and HMX to CL‑20/HMX cocrystal based on solvent media[J].Crystal Growth & Design,2018, 18(1): 77-84.

    • 3

      Radhakrishnan S, Talawar M B, Venugopalan S. Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane (DPT): a key precursor in the synthesis of most powerful benchmark energetic materials (RDX/HMX) of today[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008, 152(3): 1317-1324.

    • 4

      宋红燕, 王鹏, 覃光明, 等.一锅法合成二硝基五亚甲基四胺反应机理的研究[J]. 有机化学, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.

      SONG Hong‑yan, WANG Peng, QIN Guang‑ming, et al. Reaction mechanism of one‑pot synthesis of dinitro pentamethylene tetramine[J]. Chinese of Journal Organic Chemistry, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.

    • 5

      He Z, Luo J, Lu C. Synthesis of HMX via nitrolysis of DPT catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids[J]. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 8(2): 83-91.

    • 6

      陈里, 陈浙闽, 陈新虎.在硝酸一硝酸盐体系中DPT硝解反应的探索[J]. 火炸药, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.

      CHEN Li, CHEN Zhe‑min , CHEN Xin‑hu. The explore of nitrolysis of DPT by nitrate and nitric acid system[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.

    • 7

      李全良, 陈军, 王建龙.DPT 制备HMX工艺研究[J]. 含能材料, 2007, 15(5): 509-510.

      LI Quan‑liang, CHEN Jun, WANG Jian‑long. Synthesis craft of HMX from 1,5‑methylene‑3, 7‑dintrio‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazacyclooctane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2007, 15(5): 509-510.

    • 8

      黄晓川, 徐志斌, 孟子晖, 等.硝酸‑硝酸铵体系中DPT硝解制备 HMX 工艺研究[J]. 应用化工, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.

      HUANG Xiao‑chuan, XU zhi‑bin, MENG zi‑hui, et al. Synthesis of HMX by nitrolysis of DPT in HNO3‑NH4NO3[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.

    • 9

      He Z Y, Luo J, Lu C X. Preparation of HMX by catalytic nitrolysis of DPT in AIL‑N2O5‑HNO3 system[J]. Bull Korean Chem Soc. 2011, 32(8): 2677-2682.

    • 10

      Zhi H Z, Luo J, Feng G A. An efficient method to synthesize HMX by nitrolysis of DPT with N2O5 and a novel ionic liquid[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2009, 20(4): 379-382.

    • 11

      何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪,等.N2O5硝解DPT制备HMX[J]. 火炸药学报, 2010, 33(2):1-4.

      HE Zhi‑yong, LUO Jun, LÜ Chun‑xu, et al. Synthesis of HMX from DPT by green nitrolysis with dinitrogen pentoxide[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2010, 33(2): 1-4.

    • 12

      Bachmann W E, Jenner E L. 1‑Acetoxymethyl‑3,5,7‑trinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane and its reactions.significance in the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine and related compounds[J]. Journal of American Chemical Society, 1951, 73(6): 2773-2775.

    • 13

      Mckay A F, Richmond H H, Wright G F. Nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine; nitrolysis of 1,5‑endomethylene‑3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane[J]. Canadian Journal Research. 1949, 27(5):462-468.

    • 14

      何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪, 等.3, 7‑二硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂双环 [3.3. 1] 壬烷的硝解副产物及硝解机理[J]. 含能材料, 2012, 20(1): 5-8.

      HE Zhi‑yong, LUO Jun, LÜ Chun‑xu, et al. Mechanism and by‑products of nitrolysis 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2012, 20(1): 5-8.

    • 15

      Liu W J, Xu Z B, Cui K J, et al. The nitrolysis mechanism of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2015, 40 (5):645-651.

    • 16

      Zhang Y, Zou P, Luo J. A groundbreaking stepwise protocol to prepare HMX from DPT: new mechanism hypothesis and corresponding process study[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2017,42(10): 1208-1213.

    • 17

      HUANG Xiao‑chuan, Yu Tao, GE Zhong‑xue, et al. Influence of ammonium ion of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane (DPT)[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2015, 23(11): 1151-1154.

    • 18

      张宇, 徐子帅, 罗军, 等.DPT与红烟硝酸反应制备MNX[J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(5): 398-403.

      ZHANG Yu, XU Zhi‑shuai, LUO Jun, et al. Synthesis of MNX from DPT in nitric acid[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials (Hanneng Cailiao), 2018, 26(5): 398-403.

    • 19

      Farminer A R, Webb G A. NMR studies on some N‑nitramines and N‑nitrosamines[J]. Tetrahedron, 1975, 31(13): 1521-1526.

    • 20

      Zhang Y, Zou P, Han Y B, et al. A combined experimental and DFT mechanistic study for the unexpected nitrolysis of N‑hydroxytmethyldialkyiamines in fuming nitric acid[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(34): 19310-19316.

    • 21

      苏秋宁, 唐辉, 刘志达.重氮化反应及其应用[J]. 精细化工中间体, 2012 (3): 13-16.

      SU Qiu‑ning, TANG Hui, LIU Zhi‑da. The synthesis and application of diazonium[J]. Fine Chemical Intermediates, 2012 (3): 13-16.

    • 22

      Butler R N. Diazotization of heterocyclic primary amines[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1975, 75(2): 241-257.

    • 23

      周恩泽, 王志广.一甲胺硝酸盐原料路线的探讨[J]. 辽宁化工, 1994(2): 51-52.

      ZHOU En‑ze, WANG Zhi‑guang. A discussion for the Synthesis of monomethylamine nitrate[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 1994(2): 51-52.

    • 24

      He C F, Wang X, Sun Y Q, et al. Theoretical Study of the Gaseous Hydrolysis of NO2 in the Presence of Amines[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016, 121(1): 226-237.

张宇

机 构:南京理工大学 化工学院, 江苏 南京 210094

Affiliation:School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjng 210094, China

邮 箱:zhangyu@njust.edu.cn

作者简介:张宇(1991-),男,博士,主要从事有机合成化学研究。e‑mail:zhangyu@njust.edu.cn

徐子帅

机 构:甘肃银光化学工业集团有限公司, 甘肃 白银 730900

Affiliation:Gansu Yin Guang Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Baiyin 730900, China

阮健

机 构:甘肃银光化学工业集团有限公司, 甘肃 白银 730900

Affiliation:Gansu Yin Guang Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Baiyin 730900, China

王小龙

机 构:甘肃银光化学工业集团有限公司, 甘肃 白银 730900

Affiliation:Gansu Yin Guang Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Baiyin 730900, China

张路遥

机 构:甘肃银光化学工业集团有限公司, 甘肃 白银 730900

Affiliation:Gansu Yin Guang Chemical Industry Group Co. Ltd., Baiyin 730900, China

罗军

机 构:南京理工大学 化工学院, 江苏 南京 210094

Affiliation:School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjng 210094, China

角 色:通讯作者

Role:Corresponding author

邮 箱:luojun@njust.edu.cn

作者简介:罗军(1975-),男,教授,主要从事有机合成化学研究。e‑mail:luojun@njust.edu.cn

html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image001.png
reaction systemyield / %
fuming HNO3/NH4NO354.9
fuming HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl72.2
fuming HNO345.5
html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image002.png
html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image003.png
html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image004.png
html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image005.png
levelABC
n(CH3NH2·HCl)∶n(DPT)

reaction

time / min

reaction

temperature / ℃

12∶110-30
22.5∶115-25
33∶120-20
43.5∶125-15
entryABCyield / %
R6.21.24.6
111174.5
212275.7
313373.2
414470.6
521278.5
622176.9
723471.8
824374.9
931373.3
1032470.5
1133174.2
1234275.1
1341468.4
1442369.0
1543270.2
1644169.5
K1j294.0294.7296.0
K2j302.1292.1299.5
K3j293.1289.4290.4
K4j277.1290.1281.3
k1j73.573.774.0
k2j75.573.074.9
k3j73.372.472.6
k4j69.372.570.3
html/hnclen/CJEM2018148/media/d388adee-3122-419c-8b95-f8f496fe2176-image006.png

Scheme 1 Synthetic route of MNX

表1 DPT在HNO3/NH4NO3、HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl和HNO3体系下硝解‑亚硝解反应收率的对比

Table 1 Comparison of the yields of nitrolysis‑nitrosolysis reaction of DPT in HNO3/NH4NO3, HNO3/CH3NH2·HCl and HNO3 system

图1 CH3NH2·HCl用量对MNX收率的影响

Fig. 1 Effect of loading amount of CH3NH2·HCl on the yield of MNX

图2 发烟硝酸用量对MNX收率的影响

Fig.2 Effect of loading amount of fuming HNO3 on the yield of MNX

图3 反应时间对MNX收率的影响

Fig.3 Effect of reaction time on the yield of MNX

图4 反应温度对MNX收率的影响

Fig.4 Effect of reaction temperature on the yield of MNX

表2 因素水平表

Table 2 Factors and levels table

表3 正交实验结果

Table 3 Results of the orthogonal experiments

Scheme 2 Possible reaction mechanism

image /

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

无注解

  • 参考文献

    • 1

      于娜娜, 王笃政.HMX的合成工艺研究进展[J]. 化工中间体, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.

      YU Na‑na, WANG Du‑zheng. Review on the technology of synthesis of HMX[J]. Chemical Intermediate, 2011, 8(3): 22-26.

    • 2

      Sun S, Zhang H, Liu Y. Transitions from separately crystallized CL‑20 and HMX to CL‑20/HMX cocrystal based on solvent media[J].Crystal Growth & Design,2018, 18(1): 77-84.

    • 3

      Radhakrishnan S, Talawar M B, Venugopalan S. Synthesis, characterization and thermolysis studies on3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane (DPT): a key precursor in the synthesis of most powerful benchmark energetic materials (RDX/HMX) of today[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials,2008, 152(3): 1317-1324.

    • 4

      宋红燕, 王鹏, 覃光明, 等.一锅法合成二硝基五亚甲基四胺反应机理的研究[J]. 有机化学, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.

      SONG Hong‑yan, WANG Peng, QIN Guang‑ming, et al. Reaction mechanism of one‑pot synthesis of dinitro pentamethylene tetramine[J]. Chinese of Journal Organic Chemistry, 2010, 30(3): 414-418.

    • 5

      He Z, Luo J, Lu C. Synthesis of HMX via nitrolysis of DPT catalyzed by acidic ionic liquids[J]. Central European Journal of Energetic Materials, 2011, 8(2): 83-91.

    • 6

      陈里, 陈浙闽, 陈新虎.在硝酸一硝酸盐体系中DPT硝解反应的探索[J]. 火炸药, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.

      CHEN Li, CHEN Zhe‑min , CHEN Xin‑hu. The explore of nitrolysis of DPT by nitrate and nitric acid system[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 1986, 3(3): 1-5.

    • 7

      李全良, 陈军, 王建龙.DPT 制备HMX工艺研究[J]. 含能材料, 2007, 15(5): 509-510.

      LI Quan‑liang, CHEN Jun, WANG Jian‑long. Synthesis craft of HMX from 1,5‑methylene‑3, 7‑dintrio‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazacyclooctane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2007, 15(5): 509-510.

    • 8

      黄晓川, 徐志斌, 孟子晖, 等.硝酸‑硝酸铵体系中DPT硝解制备 HMX 工艺研究[J]. 应用化工, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.

      HUANG Xiao‑chuan, XU zhi‑bin, MENG zi‑hui, et al. Synthesis of HMX by nitrolysis of DPT in HNO3‑NH4NO3[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2013, 42(2): 299-303.

    • 9

      He Z Y, Luo J, Lu C X. Preparation of HMX by catalytic nitrolysis of DPT in AIL‑N2O5‑HNO3 system[J]. Bull Korean Chem Soc. 2011, 32(8): 2677-2682.

    • 10

      Zhi H Z, Luo J, Feng G A. An efficient method to synthesize HMX by nitrolysis of DPT with N2O5 and a novel ionic liquid[J]. Chinese Chemical Letters, 2009, 20(4): 379-382.

    • 11

      何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪,等.N2O5硝解DPT制备HMX[J]. 火炸药学报, 2010, 33(2):1-4.

      HE Zhi‑yong, LUO Jun, LÜ Chun‑xu, et al. Synthesis of HMX from DPT by green nitrolysis with dinitrogen pentoxide[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2010, 33(2): 1-4.

    • 12

      Bachmann W E, Jenner E L. 1‑Acetoxymethyl‑3,5,7‑trinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane and its reactions.significance in the nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine and related compounds[J]. Journal of American Chemical Society, 1951, 73(6): 2773-2775.

    • 13

      Mckay A F, Richmond H H, Wright G F. Nitrolysis of hexamethylenetetramine; nitrolysis of 1,5‑endomethylene‑3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetrazacycloöctane[J]. Canadian Journal Research. 1949, 27(5):462-468.

    • 14

      何志勇, 罗军, 吕春绪, 等.3, 7‑二硝基‑1,3,5,7‑四氮杂双环 [3.3. 1] 壬烷的硝解副产物及硝解机理[J]. 含能材料, 2012, 20(1): 5-8.

      HE Zhi‑yong, LUO Jun, LÜ Chun‑xu, et al. Mechanism and by‑products of nitrolysis 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2012, 20(1): 5-8.

    • 15

      Liu W J, Xu Z B, Cui K J, et al. The nitrolysis mechanism of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3,3,1] nonane. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics, 2015, 40 (5):645-651.

    • 16

      Zhang Y, Zou P, Luo J. A groundbreaking stepwise protocol to prepare HMX from DPT: new mechanism hypothesis and corresponding process study[J]. Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, 2017,42(10): 1208-1213.

    • 17

      HUANG Xiao‑chuan, Yu Tao, GE Zhong‑xue, et al. Influence of ammonium ion of 3,7‑dinitro‑1,3,5,7‑tetraazabicyclo [3.3.1] nonane (DPT)[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials(Hanneng Cailiao), 2015, 23(11): 1151-1154.

    • 18

      张宇, 徐子帅, 罗军, 等.DPT与红烟硝酸反应制备MNX[J]. 含能材料, 2018, 26(5): 398-403.

      ZHANG Yu, XU Zhi‑shuai, LUO Jun, et al. Synthesis of MNX from DPT in nitric acid[J]. Chinese Journal of Energeic Materials (Hanneng Cailiao), 2018, 26(5): 398-403.

    • 19

      Farminer A R, Webb G A. NMR studies on some N‑nitramines and N‑nitrosamines[J]. Tetrahedron, 1975, 31(13): 1521-1526.

    • 20

      Zhang Y, Zou P, Han Y B, et al. A combined experimental and DFT mechanistic study for the unexpected nitrolysis of N‑hydroxytmethyldialkyiamines in fuming nitric acid[J]. RSC Advances, 2018, 8(34): 19310-19316.

    • 21

      苏秋宁, 唐辉, 刘志达.重氮化反应及其应用[J]. 精细化工中间体, 2012 (3): 13-16.

      SU Qiu‑ning, TANG Hui, LIU Zhi‑da. The synthesis and application of diazonium[J]. Fine Chemical Intermediates, 2012 (3): 13-16.

    • 22

      Butler R N. Diazotization of heterocyclic primary amines[J]. Chemical Reviews, 1975, 75(2): 241-257.

    • 23

      周恩泽, 王志广.一甲胺硝酸盐原料路线的探讨[J]. 辽宁化工, 1994(2): 51-52.

      ZHOU En‑ze, WANG Zhi‑guang. A discussion for the Synthesis of monomethylamine nitrate[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 1994(2): 51-52.

    • 24

      He C F, Wang X, Sun Y Q, et al. Theoretical Study of the Gaseous Hydrolysis of NO2 in the Presence of Amines[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2016, 121(1): 226-237.