With the rapid development of high-throughput design and synthesis technologies, the creation of new energetic materials has become increasingly efficient. However, due to safety and cost considerations, the amount of material synthesized in the experimental stage is typically at the milligram scale, posing significant challenges for accurately evaluating key performance parameters such as detonation velocity, pressure, heat, volume, temperature, and sensitivity. Traditional testing methods usually require large sample quantities, entail high costs and safety risks, and are affected by variations in charge amount and sample geometry, which may introduce two-dimensional and sparse effects that compromise data reliability. To address these limitations, this review focuses on the rapid evaluation of energetic material performance at micro-scale quantities, systematically summarizing the current applications of conventional detonation energy assessment methods and highlighting recent advances in micro-quantity testing technologies based on high-energy laser interactions. The results indicate that laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and laser induced microexplosion time-resolved schlieren (LIMTS) techniques enable efficient diagnostics of detonation performance and energy-release characteristics of energetic materials under micro-scale conditions, offering a promising approach for safe and rapid performance evaluation. Finally, the review discusses the current limitations of laser-induced diagnostic techniques in terms of temporal–spatial resolution, quantitative energy measurement, and parameter inversion models, and points out future development directions toward refined diagnostics of early laser–material interaction stages and the diversification and intelligentization of performance evaluation methodologies.