As the core foundation for applications such as passive interference， target indication， signal enhancement， destruction， illumination， increasing the rang， and counter-terrorism， the special effects of energetic materials play a crucial role in enhancing the combat capabilities， especially in improving the survival and penetration capabilities of military equipment in complex electromagnetic environments. The mechanism of the five special effects （light， sound， smoke， heat， and plasma） of energetic materials is reviewed systematically. The application status of passive interference products based on these effects in modern military fields such as the protection of important targets， aircraft self-defense， missile evasion， and ship protection is elaborated. Taking into account the development of weapons and equipment as well as the future war patterns， the application methods and development trends of special effects of energetic materials in land， sea， air， space， underwater and other fields are analyzed. It provides theoretical references and guidance for the application of special effects of energetic materials.