The dynamic behavior of Al/Ni energetic structural materials under shock compression loading was investigated by mesoscale simulation. The influence of material composition and manufacturing technique on microstructures were analyzed against the scanning electron micrographs （SEMs） of three typical Al/Ni materials. Two types of mesoscale models were established based on the SEMs and the uniform particle morphologies of Al/Ni material， respectively. The shock responses of Al/Ni material， including particle deformation， pressure， temperature， and propagation of shock waves， were analyzed. The results show that， as for Al/Ni powder composites， Ni particles are the main components of the matrix， and the embedded Al particles gradually reunite with its volume fraction increasing. In contrast， Al layers are the main components of the matrix of Al/Ni multi-layered composites， and Ni particles parallelly distributed in the material. The mesoscale model with the uniform particles could not be used to predict the formations of local high pressure and hot spots， since that such processes are related to the heterogeneous microstructure of Al/Ni materials.