In order to enhance the combustion performance of high-density hydrocarbon fuel exo-tetrahydrodicyclopentadiene (JP-10), JP-10 based Pt nanofluid fuels stabilized by oil soluble hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) and hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI) were designed and synthesized. Fuel-dispersible Pt nanoparticles Pt@HPG and Pt@HPEI were synthesized through the phase-transfer method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The average sizes of Pt@HPG and Pt@HPEI were 1.3 nm and 2.4 nm. There were slight differences in density and viscosity between Pt@HPG/JP-10 and JP-10. Compared to JP-10, Pt@HPEI/JP-10 had no significant difference in density, while the viscosity decreased obviously, which can reduce the flow resistance. Oxygen bomb calorimetric experiments were carried out to investigate the combustion performance of nanofluids Pt@HPG/JP-10 and Pt@HPEI/JP-10. The apparent values of combustion heat of various nanofluids increased markedly in comparison with that of JP-10. The apparent combustion heat of Pt@HPG/JP-10 and Pt@HPEI/JP-10 increased by about 7.8% and 7.6%, respectively. JP-10 based Pt nanofluids stabilized by hyperbranched polymers are supposed to be novel kinds of potential high-energy fuels.