In order to study the effects of surface modification on the mechanical sensitivity, interfacial mechanical and processing properties of energetic materials, inspired by the mussel adhesion protein, the modified explosives (HMX@PDA, TATB@PDA) and aluminum powder (Al@PDA) were prepared by polymerization of dopamine on the surface of energetic materials with one-step method, in which PDA formed a compact and firm coating film. The surface morphology, grain fracture morphology, element content and surface wettability of the modified energetic materials were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle test. The mechanical sensitivity and tensile stress-strain curve of the modified energetic materials were measured by national military standard (GJB-772A-1997), Brazil experiment and other standard testing methods. Compared with HMX crystal, the friction sensitivity of HMX@PDA crystal decreased by 30%, and the characteristic drop-off value increased by 100%. The Brazilian tensile strength of TATB@PDA-based PBX cylinders was 15% higher than that of the TATB-based PBX cylinders. After 24 h in HTPB liquid phase, sedimentation was effectively slowed down for Al@PDA, as compared with naked aluminum powders. The characteristic complete and compact coating abilities on the crystal and rich active groups endow polydopamine remarkable interfacial modification effect on sensitivity reduction, interface mechanical properties improvement, processing stability improvement and other aspects of energetic materials.