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目录 contents

    摘要

    为获得力学性能更好的硝化纤维素膜材料,对竹浆进行2,2,6,6‑四甲基哌啶‑1‑氧基自由基(TEMPO)选择性催化氧化‑超声处理,得到直径纳米级、长度微米级的纤维素纳米纤维(cellulose nanofibrils,CNFs)。采用N,N‑二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)或DMF/H2O混合溶剂作分散剂,先后将硝化纤维素与酸化和未酸化的CNFs进行充分混合,在不同的分散剂条件下制备出CNFs增强的硝化纤维素膜,采用透射电镜(TEM)、热重(TG)、力学拉伸试验、动态力学热分析(DMTA)等测试表征了CNFs形态尺寸以及CNFs增强的硝化纤维素膜力学性能变化规律。结果表明,CNFs的直径为5~10 nm,长度为500~3000 nm;酸化与未酸化的CNFs在DMF中分散性均好于丙酮溶液;在DMF/H2O分散体系中水的体积分数达到20%时出现了CNFs团聚;在DMF分散剂体系中,加入酸化的CNFs制备出的复合膜拉伸强度为52.0 MPa,断裂伸长率为10.4%,显著高于空白样(36.6 MPa,8.4%)。

    Abstract

    To obtain a nitrocellulose membrane with enhanced mechanical properties, cellulose nanofibrils(CNFs) with nanometer‑diameter and micron‑length were obtained by 2,2,6,6‑tetramethylpiperidine‑1‑oxyl(TEMPO) oxidation‑sonication treatment of bamboo pulp. The N,N‑dimethylformamide(DMF) and DMF/H2O mixed solvent were used as dispersing agent. And the nitrocellulose was thoroughly mixed with the acidified or unacidified CNFs. CNFs‑enhanced nitrocellulose membranes were prepared under different dispersion conditions. In addition, the morphological dimensions of CNFs and the change rule of mechanical properties of CNFs‑enhanced nitrocellulose membranes were characterized by transmission electron microscope(TEM), thermogravimetric Analysis(TG), mechanical tensile test and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis(DMTA). Results shows that the diameter and length of CNFs are 5-10 nm and 500-3000 nm, respectively. The acidified and unacidified CNFs have better dispersity in DMF than in acetone. The agglomeration of CNFs occurs when the volume fraction of water in DMF/H2O reaches 20%. Using DMF as a dispersant, the tensile strength and tensile elongation of the composite membrane prepared by adding acidified CNFs are 52.0 MPa and 10.4% respectively, significantly higher than those of the blank sample (36.6 MPa, 8.4%).

  • 1 引 言

    硝化纤维素(Nitrocellulose,NC)是一种热塑性材料,其分子链属于半刚性高分子链,其玻璃化转变温度高于其分解温度,NC基制品常常表现出低温变脆、高温变软的特点,通过硝化度调节难以解决NC基火药的力学性能与能量性能之间的矛盾问题。目前改进热塑性材料力学性能的方法主要有化学接枝、物理共混、物理交联和添加纳米材料。

    通过化学接枝改性的方式,利用接枝的支链产生内增塑作用可以改善高分子的柔顺性,这是一种成本低且有效的方法。早在20世纪,Данилов С Н[1,2]就制备了热塑性良好的甲氧基纤维素甘油醚,并以此压制出了性能优良的火药;Лопотенок А А[3,4]制备了氯代甘油羟乙基纤维素醚的硝化物;Рогов、Мочаловаи、Шилова、Лобашова[5,6,7,8]利用热塑性纤维素醚为基材压制了系列无烟均质发射药与推进剂,并对其综合性能进行了系统的探索。邵自强[9,10,11,12,13]通过化学接枝改性,制成柔性化的改性NC,在火炸药组分中全部或部分替代现有NC以提高其力学性能,并获得了显著的改善效果。物理共[14,15]是指在NC基发射药或推进剂中引入玻璃化温度低、柔性好的高分子,以此来改善力学性能。物理交[16,17]可通过改变材料中硬质链与软质链的长度分布来改善无定型高分子力学性能受温度影响大的缺点,也是一种改善NC基火药高温力学性能缺陷的有效方法。相较于NC的制备,化学接枝与物理交联制备工艺更加复杂,物理共混需要添加大量其他材料。添加纳米材料也可以显著提高热塑性材料的力学性[18,19],直接添加纳米碳管、石墨烯及其与芳纶纤维的复合物材料可以获得良好的复合材料增强效[20,21,22,23],但纳米碳材料制备工艺复杂、价格昂贵。对于发射药、推进剂等军品,在制备过程中引入更多操作上难以准确控制的因素和提高制备操作的复杂性是不利于战时生产与作战使用的。

    NC在发射药与推进剂中主要用作粘合剂,但是由于硝胺发射药与改性双基推进剂在研制过程中添加了固体高能成分,因此降低了作为粘合剂的NC含量,导致力学性能下[24]。以往的工作大多通过提高NC含氮量或添加增塑剂来改善其力学性[25,26],操作复杂且增塑剂添加量大,而效果却不如添加少量纳米材料明显,尤其是使用化学结构与NC相似且价格更加低廉的纤维素纳米材料对NC进行增强增韧。Akira Isogai[27]等首先利用2,2,6,6‑四甲基哌啶‑1‑氧基自由基(TEMPO)在温和的TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO氧化体系中制备出了纳米纤维素纤维(CNFs),其直径为3~5 nm,长度可达数微米,这一制备方法及材料性能研究目前受到广泛关[28,29,30]。CNFs杨氏模量可达140 GPa,抗拉强度可达1.7 GPa,同时其继承了纤维素材料无污染、可降解的优点,因此作为一种复合材料的性能增强组分受到了比较广泛的研究。有研[31,32]显示添加了3.5%改性纤维素纳米晶须制备的NC复合膜抗拉强度提高了21.7%,拉伸模量提高了32.7%,断裂伸长率提高了123.6%,力学性能提升显著。张云华[33]将NC质量的1%替换为CNFs,使某型改性双基推进剂在20,50 ℃和-40 ℃条件下,抗拉强度分别提高18%、34%和27%,断裂伸长率分别提高45%、35%和18%,获得了低温不脆、高温不软的综合性能提高。夏勇[34]在现役制式太根发射药中添加0.5%NC质量的CNFs,使太根发射药在-40 ℃和20 ℃时的抗冲击强度分别提高30.4%和8.9%,为火炮系统的安全性与可靠性起到了提升作用。

    由于推进剂、发射药等材料的特殊性,不仅需要保证其性能稳定可靠,也要求制备工艺相对简单、制备成本增加少,因此有必要进一步探求更简单有效的NC基材料增强手段。纤维素纳米材料作为近年来的新兴材料,其高强[35]、低密度、低热胀系[36]等优点引人注目,具有很大的开发前景。

    基于此,本研究选用价格低廉的竹浆为原材料,通过TEMPO氧化法制备CNFs。在不对CNFs进行更多复杂处理的前提下将其应用于NC膜的力学性能改进。根据NC属于亲油性硝酸酯、CNFs属于多羟基的亲水性多糖的化学结构特点,研究与优化了DMF/H2O混合分散剂体系的组成比例,以蒸发分散剂的方式制得NC/CNFs复合膜。同时进一步研究了CNFs在NC膜中的最佳复合方法,通过酸化处理对比考察了CNFs羧基形态差异(羧酸钠与羧酸)对复合膜的力学性能影响,以探索使用纤维素纳米材料改善NC基火药的简单新途径。

  • 2 实验部分

  • 2.1 试剂与仪器

    湿竹浆(聚合度780,纤维素含量大于85%),北京北方世纪纤维素技术开发有限公司;2,2,6,6‑四甲基哌啶‑1‑氧化物(TEMPO),分析纯,阿拉丁试剂;溴化钠、氢氧化钠、次氯酸钠溶液(1.15 mol·L-1)、盐酸(36%~37%)、NN‑二甲基甲酰胺(DMF),均为分析纯,北京化工厂;硝化纤维素粉末(含氮量13.32%,安定性2.35 NO mL·g-1),四川北方硝化棉股份有限公司。

    LG10‑2.4A型医用离心机,北京医用离心机厂;Scientz‑IID型超声波细胞粉碎仪,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;Instion 1185万能材料试验机,英国Instion国际有限公司;Physica MCR301旋转流变仪,奥地利Anton Paar公司;JEM 1200EX透射电子显微镜,日本JEOL公司;Nicolet iS10傅里叶红外光谱仪,美国赛默飞公司;STA 449F3同步热分析仪,德国耐驰公司;Brucker D8型X射线粉末衍射仪,德国Brucker公司。

  • 2.2 实验过程

  • 2.2.1 CNFs水分散液制备

    参考文献[27],采用TEMPO氧化法制备纤维素纳米纤维。准确称取0.5 g TEMPO以及5 g NaBr,加入2000 mL去离子水中在室温下充分搅拌溶解。再向反应体系中加入42 g湿竹浆(其中干竹浆质量分数为20.53%)。待纤维素分散均匀后,向分散液中滴加1.15 mol·L-1的NaClO溶液90 g,通过控制NaClO溶液的加入速度使反应体系的pH值保持在10~10.5。待NaClO溶液滴加完毕后,继续不断滴加0.5 mol·L-1的NaOH溶液以保持分散液的pH值稳定,直至分散液pH值不再因反应而下降为止。过滤分散液,收集不溶物并用去离子水洗3~5次,得到TEMPO氧化纤维素。将TEMPO氧化纤维素配制成质量分数约1%的水分散液,在超声细胞粉碎仪中超声处理15 min,随后将得到的分散液经过20 min、10000 r·min-1的离心处理,取上层清液,即得到CNFs水分散液。

  • 2.2.2 CNFs酸化处理及其DMF分散液制备

    参考文献[37],在搅拌的条件下,向所得CNFs水分散液中缓慢滴加 0.5 mol·L-1的盐酸,调节pH至2,连续搅拌12 h直至pH值稳定不变,得到凝胶状的、酸化的CNFs水分散液;准确称量质量相同的酸化纳米纤维素的水分散液两份,使用孔径0.45 μm过滤膜进行减压抽滤,抽滤过程中持续搅拌,且在该过程中分别加入丙酮、DMF充分置换,最后将丙酮和DMF两份分散体系使用细胞粉碎仪在400 W功率下处理10 min,即得CNFs的DMF分散液。

  • 2.2.3 NC/CNFs复合膜制备

    NC可以在丙酮、DMF等溶剂中溶解,而CNFs是亲水性强且难溶解的材料,因此需要采用特定处理方式得到均匀的NC/CNFs混合分散液,并进一步蒸发分散液后获得复合膜。图1为复合膜制备流程示意图。

    图1
                            两种复合膜制备流程

    图1 两种复合膜制备流程

    Fig.1 Two preparation processes of composite membranes

  • 2.2.3.1 DMF分散液制膜

    (1)称取两份质量为的1 g的干燥NC样品,分别放在两个干燥后的烧杯中,再分别加入20 mL DMF,搅拌24 h至充分溶解。

    (2)另取两个烧杯分别加入适量CNFs水分散液和酸化的CNFs水分散液,保持二者中的CNFs含量一致,再分别添加25 ml去离子水,并在超声细胞粉碎仪中于400 W功率下处理5 min,待烧杯中的材料分散均匀后,分别再添加25 mL DMF。

    (3)在70 ℃水浴条件下进行旋蒸驱水,获得分散剂全部为DMF的CNFs分散液。

    (4)将两种CNFs的DMF分散液添加至溶解完全的NC溶液中,搅拌24 h。

    (5)将NC/CNFs分散液倒入培养皿中水平放置,在80 ℃条件下烘干24 h,完全蒸发溶剂后获得NC/CNFs复合膜。

  • 2.2.3.2 DMF/H2O分散液制膜

    (1)称取质量为1 g的干燥NC样品,加入20 mL DMF,搅拌24 h至充分溶解,随后将其分成若干小份以便于测试。

    (2)按照一定的含水比例分别配制酸化和未酸化CNFs的DMF分散液,其中CNFs的含量均为0.01 g。

    (3)将总体积为25 ml的CNFs分散液在功率400 W的超声细胞粉碎仪中处理5 min。

    (4)将分散均匀的CNFs分散液分别添加至NC的DMF溶液中,观察是否有NC析出。

    (5)取NC未析出的最大含水量混合溶液作为酸化和未酸化CNFs的分散液,将其与配置好的NC的DMF溶液混合,搅拌24 h至混合均匀。

    (6)将NC/CNFs分散液倒入培养皿中水平放置,在80 ℃条件下烘干24 h,完全蒸发溶剂后获得NC/CNFs复合膜。

  • 2.2.4 力学性能测试

    NC/CNFs复合膜静态力学性能使用Instion 1185万能材料试验机测定,将被测NC/CNFs复合膜样品裁剪为尺寸30.0 mm×4.0 mm×0.02mm的试样,测试温度20 ℃,湿度50%,拉伸速率为5 mm·min-1,测试跨距为20 mm;同时,使用Physica MCR 301智能流变仪,对NC/CNFs复合膜样品进行动态力学性能测试,测定复合膜的储能模量随温度增加发生的变化。测试条件为:升温速度为5 ℃·min-1,间距20 mm,频率为1 Hz,测试温度0~180 ℃。每个样品测试5次取平均值。

  • 3 结果与讨论

  • 3.1 CNFs结构与性能表征

    采用用透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT‑IR)、热重(TG)以及X射线衍射(XRD)图谱对CNFs的结构和性能进行分析,如图2所示。由图2a可知,利用TEMPO氧化法制备的CNFs,直径为5~10 nm,长度为500~3000 nm。从图2b可以看出,CNFs在3305(O—H)、2875(—CH—)、1597 cm-1(C O)处均出现红外特征吸收峰,1402~1313 cm-1处的吸收峰由C—H的伸缩振动产生,1159~1018 cm-1处的吸收峰为C—O的伸缩振动峰和O—H的弯曲振动峰,与竹浆原料的红外谱图对照可断定CNFs上出现了羧基。从图2c可以看出,与竹浆原料在290 ℃时开始分解不同,CNFs热降解温度降低到225 ℃,原因是纤维素原料经过TEMPO氧化处理后结晶区受到破坏,结晶度的下降致使材料的热稳定性变[38]。从图2d可以看出,CNFs与竹浆原料的XRD特征峰位置基本一致,出现在大约16°、23°和35°三处,分别对应于典型纤维素Ⅰ型结构的(1 1 0)、(2 0 0)和(0 0 4)反射平[39]。其结晶度根据Segal[40]提出的经验方法计算后分别是76.3%、62.1%。

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image002.png

    a. TEM(scale:500 nm)

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image003.png

    b. FT‑IR

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image004.png

    c. TG

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image005.png

    d. XRD

    图2 竹浆和CNFs的TEM、FT‑IR、TG以及XRD测试结果

    Fig.2 Test results of TEM, FT‑IR, TG, and XRD for bamboo pulp and CNFs

  • 3.2 CNFs分散剂优化

    CNFs在丙酮和DMF中的分散状态如图3所示。由图3可知,无论CNFs酸化与否在丙酮中均会出现明显团聚并沉降,这是由于纤维素材料的自身特性造成的,纤维素大分子表面大量羟基之间的氢键作用使其通过有序组合的方式形成稳固的超分子结构,同时其相对较大的比表面积也使其具有更高的表面能,因而难以溶解在水和多数有机溶剂中并且有显著的聚集趋势,这一实验结果也证明丙酮不是CNFs的良分散剂。而无论CNFs酸化与否在DMF中都可均匀分散,DMF分子能与CNFs表面发生特殊的聚合物‑溶剂相互作用,是为数不多的能够较好分散纤维素纳米材料的分散液之[41]。据此向DMF分散剂中增加适量水,以探索减少高沸点有机溶剂用量的可行性。

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image006.png

    a. unacidified CNFs b. unacidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

    html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image007.png

    c. acidified CNFs d. acidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

    图3 酸化和未酸化CNFs在丙酮和DMF中的分散情况

    Fig.3 Dispersion of acidified and unacidified CNFs in acetone and DMF

    表1为DMF分散剂体系水的加入量与CNFs分散稳定性间的关系。由表1可知,当水的体积分数达到20%时,CNFs分散液体系均出现了CNFs团聚现象,当水的体积分数低于20%时,则样品状态稳定。这是因为纤维素纳米材料相对于DMF亲水性更强,在足量水存在时会与水分子结合形成类似胶体的水化颗粒并均匀分散在水[42],当加水量足以形成水化颗粒但却不够保持其分散时,类似胶体的体系就会发生聚沉。因此在NC/CNFs复合膜的制备过程中,考察含水体积分数为15%的DMF/H2O混合分散液的成膜效果,既能实现工艺上最大化减少高沸点有机溶剂的目的,又能防止纤维素纳米材料形成水化颗粒,保持稳定分散。

    表1 不同配比的CNFs分散剂及其分散效果

    Table 1 Different proportions of dispersants and their dispersion effect on CNFs

    No.volume fraction of water added to DMF / %mass of CNFs / gdispersion stability
    unacidifiedacidified
    a50.010clarification
    b500.01clarification
    c100.010clarification
    d1000.01clarification
    e150.010clarification
    f1500.01clarification
    g200.010precipitation
    h2000.01precipitation
  • 3.3 NC/CNFs复合膜静态力学性能测试

    图4为使用酸化和未酸化CNFs在不同的制备流程下制备的NC/CNFs复合膜的应力‑应变曲线。表2为不同条件下制备的NC/CNFs复合膜抗拉强度σ及断裂伸长率εmax

    图4
                            不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的应力‑应变曲线

    图4 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的应力‑应变曲线

    Fig.4 Stress‑strain curves of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

    表2 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的抗拉强度以及断裂伸长率

    Table 2 Tensile strength and elongation at break of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

    samplepreparation condition

    σ

    / MPa

    εmax / %
    1blank sample36.68.4
    2unacidified CNFs dispersed in DMF47.55.2
    3acidified CNFs dispersed in DMF52.010.4
    4unacidified CNFs dispersed in DMF/ H2O61.86.2
    5acidified CNFs dispersed in DMF/ H2O30.04.3

    NOTE: σ is the tensile strength, εmax is the elongation.

    图4表2可见,所有样品的杨氏模量均高于空白样。样品5没有产生复合膜力学性能增强的作用,其屈服强度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率均低于空白样;样品2、4不出现屈服,抗拉强度均高于空白样,断裂伸长率低于空白样;样品3屈服强度、抗拉强度、断裂伸长率均高于空白样,整体增强效果最佳。

    CNFs作为纤维状增强填料,其在NC中的增强原理近似于混凝土中钢筋对水泥的增强作用。在DMF分散剂中制备的复合膜即样品2、3相对于空白样抗拉强度提升幅度比较接近,但CNFs酸化和未酸化导致的复合膜断裂伸长率显著不同,样品2韧性较差。在相同的无水分散条件下,样品3中酸化后的CNFs表面出现完整的羧基,更易于与NC中大分子上的硝基相互作用形成氢键,在大分子间发生滑移时也易于重新生成新的氢[43],NC与CNFs之间的黏着力增大,因而导致样品3相比于样品2表现出更好的韧性。旋转蒸发过程中容器不断旋转产生的搅拌作用也有利于成膜液更加均匀,也更能保证膜材料的均匀性,减少内部微小缺陷带来力学性能下降。

    在混合分散剂中制备的复合膜即样品4、5抗拉强度显著不同,而断裂伸长率比较接近。对于样品4,亲水性的CNFs更易于分散在含水的混合分散剂中,CNFs自身的高强度导致其增强后的复合膜抗拉强度提升、断裂伸长率下降,同时也因为其CNFs表面没有完整的羧基,不易与NC产生氢键作用,与样品2同样表现出韧性变差的特征。样品5中酸化后的CNFs与水的亲和力加强,同时在水分子的诱导与氢键作用下更易聚[37],聚结后的CNFs成为复合模结构缺陷,导致复合膜力学性能下[44]

  • 3.4 NC/CNFs复合膜动态力学性能测试

    图5为不同条件下制备出的NC/CNFs复合膜储能模量(E′)的温度依赖曲线。从图5可以看出,25 ℃时,在DMF中分散酸化、未酸化CNFs制备的复合膜储能模量分别为15.2 GPa和 18.9 GPa,在DMF/H2O中分散的酸化、未酸化CNFs制备的复合膜储能模量分别为17.2 GPa和15.5 GPa,均高于NC空白样(6.45 GPa)。随着温度逐渐上升,复合膜储能模量逐渐下降,这是由于温度的上升使膜材料中的主要成分NC大分子链段热运动加剧,松弛过程加快,模量和强度下[45]。在常温~180 ℃内,NC/CNFs膜的模量均高于纯的NC膜,超过180 ℃,全部膜的模量均迅速下降,这是NC开始热分解导致[46]

    图5
                            不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的储能模量‑温度曲线

    图5 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的储能模量‑温度曲线

    Fig.5 Storage modulus‑temperature curves of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

    显而易见的是,CNFs的加入使得材料在彻底流动之前,相较于空白样均有储能模量的提升,且CNFs的引入不影响NC的热分解性能。

  • 4 结 论

    以速生、廉价的竹浆为原料制备的TEMPO氧化纤维素纳米纤维(CNFs),在DMF或DMF/H2O混合分散剂体系中分散并与NC混合制备复合膜。

    (1) DMF/H2O分散剂中水的体积分数小于20%时可用作亲水性CNFs与油溶性NC相混的介质。DMF/H2O分散剂中的水分有利于CNFs的均匀分散,并且使用DMF/H2O分散剂条件下制备的NC/CNFs复合膜抗拉强度提升,但断裂伸长率下降。

    (2)在DMF中分散CNFs,在将CNFs与NC混合之前需要对CNFs水分散液进行分散剂置换,将分散剂全部换为DMF。以此体系制备的NC/CNFs复合膜抗拉强度有所提升,但其中的CNFs与NC不易产生氢键作用,发生相对滑移之后难以再生氢键,因此复合膜断裂伸长率下降。

    (3)在DMF中分散预先酸化的CNFs,酸化后的CNFs表面出现完整的羧基,更易于与NC中大分子上的硝基相互作用形成氢键,在大分子间发生滑移时也易于重新生成新的氢键,CNFs与NC之间黏着力增大,以此体系制备的NC/CNFs复合膜在CNFs添加质量为1%NC时,复合膜抗拉强度为52.0 MPa,断裂伸长率为10.4%,显著高于空白样(36.6 MPa,8.4%)。

    (4)使用亲水性的CNFs增强亲油性的NC基体时,DMF可作为优选分散剂,对基体韧性有增强需求时可对CNFs做预先的酸化处理。而对基体韧性无增强需求,仅需提高基体抗拉强度时,可使用含水体积分数15%的DMF作为CNFs的分散液,以此减少DMF的用量。

    以上结果对以NC为粘合剂成分的发射药、推进剂、可燃药具等材料的力学性能提升具有一定参考意义。

    (责编:高 毅)

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周逸

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

邮 箱:linus.zhou@aliyun.com

作者简介:周逸(1987-),男,博士研究生,主要从事含能材料与纤维素纳米化研究。e‑mail:linus.zhou@aliyun.com

魏洁

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

吕妍妍

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

樊浩瑜

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

吴雪

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

赵利斌

机 构:四川北方硝化棉股份有限公司,四川 泸州 646605

Affiliation:Sichuan Nitrocell CO.,LTD, Luzhou 646605, China

张仁旭

机 构:四川北方硝化棉股份有限公司,四川 泸州 646605

Affiliation:Sichuan Nitrocell CO.,LTD, Luzhou 646605, China

邵自强

机 构:北京理工大学 北京市纤维素及其衍生材料工程技术研究中心,北京 100081

Affiliation:Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China

角 色:通讯作者

Role:Corresponding author

邮 箱:shaoziqiang@263.net

作者简介:邵自强(1965-),男,教授,主要从事含能材料与功能高分子研究。e‑mail:shaoziqiang@263.net

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No.volume fraction of water added to DMF / %mass of CNFs / gdispersion stability
unacidifiedacidified
a50.010clarification
b500.01clarification
c100.010clarification
d1000.01clarification
e150.010clarification
f1500.01clarification
g200.010precipitation
h2000.01precipitation
html/hncl/CJEM2018231/media/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-image008.png
samplepreparation condition

σ

/ MPa

εmax / %
1blank sample36.68.4
2unacidified CNFs dispersed in DMF47.55.2
3acidified CNFs dispersed in DMF52.010.4
4unacidified CNFs dispersed in DMF/ H2O61.86.2
5acidified CNFs dispersed in DMF/ H2O30.04.3
html/hncl/CJEM2018231/alternativeImage/3b505f9b-3ab9-41e6-aef8-5645fc5f0ef5-F011.png

图1 两种复合膜制备流程

Fig.1 Two preparation processes of composite membranes

图2 竹浆和CNFs的TEM、FT‑IR、TG以及XRD测试结果 -- a. TEM(scale:500 nm)

Fig.2 Test results of TEM, FT‑IR, TG, and XRD for bamboo pulp and CNFs -- a. TEM(scale:500 nm)

图2 竹浆和CNFs的TEM、FT‑IR、TG以及XRD测试结果 -- b. FT‑IR

Fig.2 Test results of TEM, FT‑IR, TG, and XRD for bamboo pulp and CNFs -- b. FT‑IR

图2 竹浆和CNFs的TEM、FT‑IR、TG以及XRD测试结果 -- c. TG

Fig.2 Test results of TEM, FT‑IR, TG, and XRD for bamboo pulp and CNFs -- c. TG

图2 竹浆和CNFs的TEM、FT‑IR、TG以及XRD测试结果 -- d. XRD

Fig.2 Test results of TEM, FT‑IR, TG, and XRD for bamboo pulp and CNFs -- d. XRD

图3 酸化和未酸化CNFs在丙酮和DMF中的分散情况 -- a. unacidified CNFs b. unacidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

Fig.3 Dispersion of acidified and unacidified CNFs in acetone and DMF -- a. unacidified CNFs b. unacidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

图3 酸化和未酸化CNFs在丙酮和DMF中的分散情况 -- c. acidified CNFs d. acidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

Fig.3 Dispersion of acidified and unacidified CNFs in acetone and DMF -- c. acidified CNFs d. acidified CNFs dispersed in acetone dispersed in DMF

表1 不同配比的CNFs分散剂及其分散效果

Table 1 Different proportions of dispersants and their dispersion effect on CNFs

图4 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的应力‑应变曲线

Fig.4 Stress‑strain curves of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

表2 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的抗拉强度以及断裂伸长率

Table 2 Tensile strength and elongation at break of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

图5 不同制备条件下NC/CNFs复合膜的储能模量‑温度曲线

Fig.5 Storage modulus‑temperature curves of NC/CNFs composite membranes prepared under different conditions

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σ is the tensile strength, εmax is the elongation.

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