The mechanical sensitivity of energetic materials severely restricts their safe application. How to achieve low sensitivity while ensuring high energy density remains the core challenge in current energetic materials research. This paper focuses on the surface coating desensitization technology for energetic materials and reviews recent research progress of mainstream coating technologies and material systems. It emphasizes the analysis of the principles by which the coating layer inhibits the formation and propagation of “hot spots” during mechanical stimulation through three major mechanisms： “filling and buffering”， “energy absorption and isolation”， and “lubrication”. The characteristics and applicability of key technologies such as water suspension， emulsion suspension， in-situ polymerization， spray and microfluidics are summarized. A comprehensive review is conducted on the desensitization effects and mechanism differences of seven types of coating systems， including polymer adhesives， carbon materials， waxes， energetic materials， salts， biomimetic materials， and composite materials. By evaluating the overall performance and development potential of different coating systems， it is suggested that future research should focus on the in-depth revelation of desensitization mechanisms， intelligent design of coating structures， precise process control， and the creation of new multifunctional integrated materials. These efforts are directed toward driving technological innovation， facilitating the development new material systems， and ultimately enhancing the synergy between energy density and safety of energetic materials.