In view of the poor workability of explosive materials and its sensitivity to force and temperature shock, and using the ultrasonic vibration turning the MJ-9159 explosive simulants and digital confocal surface microscopic morphology measurements as the foundation of test, the ultrasonic vibration turning mechanism was studied and the effects of the common turning and the ultrasonic vibration turning mode with amplitude of 2, 3.4, 5 μm on the machined surface quality were compared and analyzed. The results show that ultrasonic vibration turning surface quality is better than that of common turning. Based on the stress wave effect, when the separate state of ultrasonic vibration turning is the speed 60 m·min^-1 and amplitude 5 μm, the turning surface quality is best.