高氮化合物具有高密度[1-2]、高生成焓[3-5]、热稳定性好[6-8]等一系列优良的性质, 因此受到人们的广泛关注。已经报道的高氮化合物主要以氮杂环类为主, 例如嘧啶[9]、咪唑[10]、三唑[11]、四唑[12-14]、五唑[15]、三嗪[16-18]、四嗪[19-23]、七嗪[24-25]等。这些氮杂环骨架自身包含了较多的C—N键、N—N键和NᆖN键等高焓化学键, 如果再向其分子结构中引入一些含能取代基, 如氨基、硝基和叠氮基等, 其能量水平将会进一步提高, 例如在氮杂环上每引入一个叠氮基, 其生成焓至少增加87 kJ·
近年来, 国内外研究人员从理论和实验方面均对叠氮杂环类含能化合物进行了大量的研究, 主要包括叠氮咪唑类、叠氮三唑类、叠氮四唑类、叠氮五唑类以及叠氮三嗪类、叠氮四嗪类和叠氮七嗪类等。目前, 关于叠氮三唑类含能化合物的研究主要集中在3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑及其衍生物的合成及性能, 因此本文主要针对3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑及其衍生物的合成研究展开论述, 为相关研究提供借鉴。
2 3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑1968年, Denault G C[28]等首次报道了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑的合成路线, 该路线以盐酸胍(
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Scheme 1 |
2004年, Kofman T P等[29]采用另一条路线合成了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 2 |
由于3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
是利用烷基化试剂对3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 3 |
2004年, Kofman T P等[29]研究了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 4 |
2005年, Xue H等[30]以3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 5 |
利用卤化芳基试剂对3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 6 |
1975年, Ricardo G等[31]研究了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 7 |
Kofman T P等[29]研究了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 8 |
Kofman T P等[29]以溴/氢氧化钠作为溴化反应体系, 研究了3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 9 |
2010年, 冯金玲等[33]以3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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图 1 [Co(AZT) |
2008年, 李生华等[34]以3, 3′, 5-三氯-4, 4′-偶氮-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 10 |
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Scheme 11 |
2005年, Hong Xue等[11]进行了一系列叠氮基取代的三唑类化合物及其含能离子盐的合成研究。首先以3, 5-二叠氮-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 12 |
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表 1 3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑盐 |
2003年, Kofman T P等[35]进行了3-叠氮基-5-氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 13 |
为了提高反应收率, Kofman T P等[35]利用基团保护-脱保护方案对Scheme 13所示合成路线进行了优化, 即首先将3, 5-二氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 14 |
2008年, 美国专利[36]公开了一种3-叠氮基-5-氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 15 |
在合成3-叠氮基-5-氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 16 |
2006年, Magdy B等[37]以3, 4, 5-三氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 17 |
1965年, Takimoto H H等[38]以三氨基胍盐酸盐(
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Scheme 18 |
1966年, Takimoto H H等[39]以3-叠氮基-4-氨基-5-甲基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 19 |
1974年, Pevzner M S等[40]首次报道了3-硝基-5-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 20 |
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图 2 3-硝基-5-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑( |
2011年, Wang K等[42]以98%硫酸/70%硝酸为硝化体系, 对3-叠氮基-5-氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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Scheme 21 |
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表 2 3-叠氮基-5-氨基-1, 2, 4-三唑( |
2005年, Xue H等[43]以3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑(
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表 3 四种鎓盐( |
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Scheme 22 |
目前, 关于叠氮三唑类含能化合物的研究主要集中在3-叠氮基-1, 2, 4-三唑及其衍生物(主要包括
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