Abstract:A thermobaric explosive containing aluminum powder shaped flake and many physic-chemical parameters′ testing courses of the fuel were mainly introduced. The energy contained in fuel was calculated,the energy releasing efficiency of fuel was tested in different environment,and the fireball′s expanding characteristic and shockwave′s removing process were studied. The results show that the fuel′s energy density is 16.11 MJ·kg^－１ theoretically,about 4 times of TNT-equivalency. The energy releasing rate of the aluminum flakes in the fuel is fast,and the released energy enhances the shockwave immediately when the shockwave is born and spreads. The fuel is safe in using and depositing. The capacity of the fuel′s anti-loading is identified well after impact test and shooting test in large caliber fire-guns,and also show that the fuel is safe under the overload by 1.7×10⁵ m·s^－2. The fuel′s stability is adopt to the large caliber fire-guns′ shooting condition.

Abstract:In the dispersal of fuel mixture,a key technique in fuel air explosive weapons,concentration distribution and volume of fuel cloud are the main factors of explosion effect of a fuel air explosive device. The fuel/air cloud volume and consistency can be controlled by center high explosive charge in a fuel air explosive device. Fuel/air cloud dispersal processes of four kinds of center high explosive charges were introduced in this paper. The experimental results show that the cloud dispersal velocity varies from high to low and tends to zero. When the cloud dispersal velocity drops to zero,the volume of cloud reaches max. The max cloud volume relates to center high explosive charge and increases with the total energy when the total energy of center high explosive is lower. When the total energy of center high explosive reaches a critical value the max volume of cloud does not increases with the total energy. The conclusion has offered a basis for improving the cloud dispersal characteristic feature and detonation effects of FAE.

Abstract:A new spray device is presented in the paper. Its power source is burned gas produced by combustion of gas generation compositions. High-speed photography was used in the experiments. Atomization processes of spiral jet spray nozzles is studied under five different charge quantities (30 g,40 g,50 g,70 g,90 g) of gas generator. Experimental results show, the atomizing effect of jet can be improved with increasing charge quantity of the main propellant grains. When charge quantity of gas generator is more than 50 g,the atomizing effect of jet is preferable.

Abstract:Davis and JWL EOS were used to calculate the strong detonation and the spherical convergent detonation of PBX-9502 respectively. The results show that JWL EOS gives a pressure and velocity lower than the experimental data,while the calculated results by Davis EOS are in good agreement with the experimental data. Moreover,in the numerical simulation of spherical convergent detonation,the displacement with the interval of 1.5 μs of free surface of LiF flyer with Davis EOS is about 0.4 mm larger than that with JWL EOS.

Abstract:Compressive behaviors of a pressed aluminized explosive with different densities (1.5,1.6,1.7 g·cm^-3) were investigated experimentally by split Hopkinson pressure bars (SHPB) and hydraulic testing machine at different strain-rates (ranged from 0.008 s^-1 to 800 s^-1) respectively. Nonlinear stress-strain curves at different strain rates were obtained. The results show that the mechanical behaviors of the aluminized explosive is obviously rate-dependent,and the corresponding failure stresses become higher if the original density or loading strain rates rise. A constitutive relation was established base on the experimental curves．

Abstract:A mesomechanic reaction model of heterogeneous explosives under shock wave was established. In this model,“hot spot” was formed as a result of the elastic-viscoplastic collapse induced by shock,while the growth stage started from an inner combustion and was followed by an outer surface grain combustion. Then the model was implemented in one-dimensional reactive hydrodynamic program SSS and a genetic algorithm was used to decide the target parameters in the model of reaction rate in PBX-9404.

Abstract:A new type emulsion explosive containing plenty of Fe and Mn elements was prepared for synthesis of nano-MnFe₂O₄ powders by detonation method. The collected detonation products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results indicate that spherical nano-MnFe₂O₄ powders with spinel structure were successfully synthesized by detonation of this kind of emulsion explosive,and that the impurities could be removed after the products are treated at 280 ℃ for 1 h.

Abstract:The output wave of a plane wave lens was tested by a scanning photography technique with a high speed rotating camera,and was modeled by ANSYS/LSDYNA code. Physical picture of detonation and shock wave propagation in the device was obtained by the calculation, and the simulated output waveform was in accordance with the experimental result.

Abstract:Sliced crystals of explosive were obtained according to the following process,embedding of explosive crystals inside resin,slicing of resin into pieces,and dissolving of surrounded resin. The sliced crystals of recrystallized spheroidic NTO were prepared and the SEM images were employed for the growth pattern explanation of the spheroidic NTO particles. The sliced crystals of RDX recrystallized respectively in γ-butyrolactone,cyclohexanone and acetone were prepared,the SEM images of all the three crystals showed the tiny cracks and holes. The crystallinity of three RDX crystals samples were compared. The sliced crystals of two expanded ammonium nitrate particles were prepared and the SEM images showed alveolate holes with diameter less than 10 micron inside the sample of good quality and a few holes with diameter round 10 micron inside the reference sample. The sliced crystals-section SEM methods was conferred to provide the microstructures inside the crystals intuitively including micropore,crack,and other disfigurement. The method and intrinsic textures information would be beneficial to the quality evaluation of recrystallization,influences of crystal defects on explosives sensitivity,and sensitizing/desensitizing of explosives particles etc.

Abstract:After the preparation of hexahydro-1, 3, 5-trinitro-1, 3, 5-triazine/resorcinol-formaldehyde (RDX/RF) nanostructured composite energetic materials,the pore structures of RF aerogel and RDX/RF were characterized. Specific areas,total pore volumes and average pore diameters of RDX/RF with 10%,30%,50%,70%,80% RDX were calculated. Adsorption-desorption isotherm curves,middle pores distribution curves and micropores distribution curves were compared together. Compared with RF aerogel,the specific area,total pore volume,composite materials have small and large average pore diameter. The mean diameter pf nano-crystal RDX in RDX/RF is 34-38 nm. The changes were caused by the filling of detonator RDX. The changes in adsorption-desorption isotherm,middle pore and micropore distribution,and total middle pore volumes of RDX/RF indicate that detonator RDX plays a key role in influencing middle pore of RF aerogel.

Abstract:Nano-aluminum/polystyrene(PS) microcapsules with different aluminum content were prepared under optimization conditions. With increasing amount of nano-aluminum particles,the encapsulation ratio of microcapsules decreased. The nano-aluminum/PS microcapsules had good sphericity,smooth surface and high dispersibility. The activities of nano-aluminum powders were analyzed before and after encapsulation. The nano-aluminum/PS microcapsules with different aluminum content had almost equal activity. The active aluminum content of nano-aluminum/PS microcapsules was 76.07%. Stored in a sealed bag in natural condition and in an oxygen bottle after 30 d,the active aluminum content of nano-aluminum/PS microcapsules were 76.06% and 74.81%,respectively. The results show that the active aluminum content can keep for long time after aluminum was encapsulaed by PS.

Abstract:4,4′,6,6′-Tetra(azido)azo-1,3,5-triazine(TAAT) was synthesized with cyanuric chloride and hydrazine hydrate as primary materials. This synthesis is a four-step process including coupling,hydrazinolysis,diazotization and oxidation in turn. Each reaction process,especially the oxidizing reaction is described in details. The investigation indicates that chlorine can transform 94% 4,4′,6,6′-tetra(azido)hydrazo-1,3,5-triazine into TAAT but N-bromosuccinimide just transforms 84%. The DSC,IR,NMR and elemental analysis determine the structure of TAAT and its intermediates. The characterization of DSC shows TAAT decomposes at 198 ℃. A free radical mechanism is presented to interpret the oxidizing reaction.

Abstract:In order to explore a new route for the synthesis of CL-20,hexaallylhexaazaisowurtzitane was synthesized by condensation reaction of allylamine with aqueous glyoxal without inert gases protection. Its structure was characterized by FTIR,¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR. This route has higher yield of 37.1% and easier way than the literature. Hexaallylhexaazaisowurtzitane without benzyl group in the molecule would be a potential nitrolyzable precursor to CL-20.

Abstract:Poly(5-vinyltetrazole)(PVT) was synthesized through the tetrazole-cyclization reaction of polyacrylonitrile with sodium azide and ammonium chloride. The structures of PVT were identified by NMR,IR,elemental analysis. Moreover,some properties of PVT were studied by X-ray diffraction(XRD),DSC-TG and sensitivity testing. The results show that PVT has two exothermic peaks: the first one (T_d=239，274 ℃) is attributed to decomposition of the pendanted tetrazole group and the second (T_d=369.9 ℃) is attributed to thermal decomposition of the polymeric residue. The acid value of PVT (containing water) was determined to be 8.50 mmol·g^-1 by neutralized titration with 1.0 mol·L^-1 NaOH,and the tetrazole content of PVT calculated via acid value can reach up to 96.62mol%.

Abstract:With trimethyl，4-dodecylbenezyl ammonium chloride and 18-crown-6 as pase-transfer catalysts,the azidation of polyepichlorohydrin (PECH) in poly(ethylene glycol diol)(PEG) and H₂O were studied.The reaction discipline and mechanism were discussed. The results show that the system with trimethyl，4-dodecylbenezyl ammonium chloride as phase transfer catalyst and PEG as medium is a safe and effective approach to glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) preparation,and azidational ratio of PECH can reach 97% above within 15 h.

Abstract:3-Methoxy-5-chloro-2,6-dinitropyridine （the compound Ⅲ） was synthesized from 3,5-dichloropyridine by substitution and nitration. The total yield reached 46%. Its melting point is 115-117 ℃. The structure of the product was identified by IR,¹H NMR,MS and element analysis.

Abstract:2,4,6-trinitrobenzaldehyde(TNBD) was prepared by oxidizing reaction of 2,4,6-trinirotoluene with potassium permanganate,and the target product N-methyl-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-fullerenopyrrolidine (MTNPF) with a yield of 74.3%(based on consumed C₆₀) was synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of TNBD with ［60］fullerene and sarcosine. The structure of MTNPF was identified by UV-vis,IR,NMR and MS. Moreover,the thermal stability of MTNPF was studied by TG-DSC,and it was proved that MTNPF has good thermal stability.

Abstract:For studying the effects of surfactant in the nitration of m-xylene,the influence of the types and the amount of the surfactant,strength of nitro-sulfuric acid and reaction temperature were investigated. The results show that surfactant improves the selectivity and the conversion of the nitration of m-xylene. Under the optimized reaction conditions,the ratio of 2,4-dimethylnitrobenzene to 2,6-dimethylnitrobenzene is 11.8，and the conversion of the nitration of m-xylene can reach 100%.

Abstract:1,5-Methylene-3,7-dintrio-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane（DPT） was synthesized by hexamine as primary substance. MgO,NH₄NO₃ and HNO₃ as the system of nitrolysis was used to prepare HMX. The results show that HMX is obtained with a yield of 60.1% at 25 ℃. The conditions is mild and easy to control,the waste solution of reaction is easy to dispose.

Abstract:The single crystal of tetraamminebis(5-nitrotetrazolato) cobalt (Ⅲ) perchlorate (BNCP) was prepared and characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The results prove that the crystal is monoclinic. Space group is P2(1)/n with crystal parameters of the unit cell dimensions: a=10.0149(11)Å,α=90°,b=10.5387(11)Å,β=109.0140(10)°,c=14.8241(16)Å,γ=90°,V=1479.2(3)ų,Z= 4,D_C=2.050 mg·mm³,μ=1.421 mm^－1,F(000)=928. The information is also provided about atomic coordinates,equivalent isotropic displacement parameters,bond lengths,bond angles and torsion angles of BNCP. On the basis of tested parameters,the structure characteristics and decomposed mechanism of BNCP were obtained.

Abstract:The thermal decomposition process of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW,CL-20) under vacuum was investigated by a new gasometric instrument（LAWA） for testing material thermal stability. The experiment shows the V_max is 628.5 mL·g^-1 and the decomposition reaction for the 0-50% range of conversion degree of CL-20 follows the Avrami-Erofeyev equation in the temperature range 170-200 ℃; the activation energy E_a is 174.1 kJ·mol^-1 and ln(A/s^-1) is 42.34. The results was compared with that by Bourdon manometer,isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) and DSC methods.

Abstract:Based on the literature data of the enthalpies of solution in water,Δ_solH^θ_m, lattice enthalpy,ΔH^θ_L,lattice energy,ΔU^θ_L for the complexes of the lanthanidi metals with 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO),M(NTO)_n·mH₂O(M=La,Ce,Pr,Eu,Sm,Gd,n=3,m=7; M=Y,Yb,n=3,m=6; M=Dy,Tb,n=3,m=5; M=Nd,n=3,m=8),standard enthalpies of formation,Δ_fH^θ_m(Mⁿ⁺,aq,∞),Δ_fH^θ_m(Mⁿ⁺,g),Δ_fH^θ_m(H₂O,g),Δ_fH^θ_m(H₂O,l),Δ_fH^θ_m(NTO^-,aq,∞),Δ_fH^θ_m(NTO^-,g) and hydrous enthalpy of Mⁿ⁺,Δ_hH^θ_m(Mⁿ⁺),the hydrous enthalpy of NTO^-, Δ_hH^θ_m(NTO^-) was estimated as －(153.73±0.21) kJ·mol^-1.

Abstract:The enthalpies of solution and the thermodynamics of styphnic acid 2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol (TNR) the solution solved in DMF were studied. The enthalpies of TNR solution with different concentrations were measured by a SETARAM C80Ⅱcalorimeter at 298.15 K and the empirical formula for enthalpies of TNR solution is calculated by polynomial simulation on the computer. The results show that the formula is Δ_solH=-14.392-988.6b+34.992b^1/2. The standard molar enthalpy of solution is determined to be Δ_solH^θ_m=-14.392 kJ·mol^-1. The relative apparent molar enthalpies of solution (ΦL_i), the relative partial molar enthalpies(L_i), enthalpies of dilution (Δ_dilH_1,2) are also stretched respectively. The thermodynamics of TNR solution was studied by analyzing heat-flux to time curves, the rate constant of reaction and the reaction order were determined to be 1.632×10^-3 s^-1 and 0.6158, respectively.

Abstract:Three-dimentional viscoelastic large deformation incremental constitutive equation was derived based on Total Lagrangian method. From materials property testing of composite modified double base(CMDB) propellant by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA),deformation,equivalent von mises stress and strain of free loading propellant in storage were obtained. The results show that the subsidence magnitude of solid propellant in the axis direction is about 0.16 mm. Outer diameter increases 0.04 mm and inner diameter is nearly unchanged. Stress between solid propellant and binder is about 11.8 kPa,which will not lead to dewetting. Balanceable time of the free loading propellant in long-term storage is about half a year. Thus the deformation of the free loading propellant grains in storage can be deduced by that of propellant stored for more than half a year.

Abstract:Different propellants such as single-base propellants,double-base propellants,triethyeneglycol dinitrate (TEGN) and nitramine propellants were recovered after conventional and plasma ignition in an interrupted close bomb (extinguished at pre-required pressures). X-Ray fluorescence spectroscopy was performed on the extinguished grains in order to identify metals present in the plasma that may be incident on the propellant samples. The relative intensity of Cu deposited on the 15/19 single-base and nitramine propellant surfaces are less than that deposited on TEGN propellant surfaces. The relative contents of Cu deposited on TEGN propellant surfaces is about 20% of Pb contents as reference. However,the relative contents of Cu deposited on double-base propellant surfaces increase significantly to 50% of Pb contents as reference. The relative contents of Cu deposited on different propellant surfaces are not always consistent with that of metal vapor shield model. The results show that Cu is deposited on the grain surfaces of some extinguished propellants after plasma ignition,compared with conventional ignition. The relative intensity of Cu deposited on the propellant surfaces is related to plasma-propellant interaction mechanisms,propellant composition and combustion status.

Abstract:The striking of single base propellant(SBP) grain on bullet bottom at high speed was simulated by experiment. The dynamic yielding stress (DYS) of SBP was calculated by using Taylor theory. The results show that the DYS is larger than the static yielding stress to SBP. The shape of SBP begins to change when striking speed of SBP is at 40 m·s^-1. When striking speed of SBP is over 190 m·s^-1,the grain will be broken. With the storage time prolonged,mechanical property of SBP tends to be bad.

Abstract:In order to shorten the test cycle of Abel stability and reduce amounts of the nitric ester in production line,the influence of temperature on the stability test result was studied using the NG-based mixed nitric ester and the relevant energetic binder as samples. The results of three stability test methods,i.e. 30 min/72 ℃，15 min/80 ℃，12 min/82 ℃,are unanimous,and that the test methods at higher temperature can shorten the test cycle significantly and improve the analysis speed.

Abstract:The obscuring performance of smoke cloud was influenced by different turbulent diffusion characters. The initial flow ability of exploding smoke cloud was studied in this paper. Based on the differential equations of the Plandtl boundary layer and performance of smoke cloud on the ground,flow model of the boundary layer and formation model of smoke cloud by blasting were established. According to experiments and the model hypothesis under different conditions,the initial flow ability of smoke cloud forming was analyzed. The results show that the flow of the smoke cloud is mainly turbulent,and its expanding velocity is attenuated rapidly by air drag.

Abstract:The output of electric detonator charged with hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was measured on the basis of GJB5309.1~.38: steel dent test method, the output increased over 10% and the minimum quantity of initiation explosive decreased compared with HMX. The results show that HNIW is an optional explosive for miniaturization of detonator in condition of the coequal initiation power.

Abstract:To deal with the main problems which affect the metering precision in metering device for pulverized materials such as “arching of materials”and “non-uniform discharge”etc，the mechanical structure of the metering device were studied. The hopper structure,arching-detractive device and the transport spiral were improved to resolve the problems in fluency and uniformity of materials transportation and to elevate the metering precision. Combining with the materials characteristics,the effect of the mechanical structure on the system precision is analyzed according to the stability of the air pressure in the hopper and the change of the materials pressure etc. The results show that when combining with automatic control system the dynamic metering precision of system is higher than ±1%，the requirements of on-line metering of propellant and explosive production process are satisfied.

Abstract:This work presents various aspect of properties of 3,6-bis-(3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolyl)-1,2,4,5-triazine or BDTT, that has not been synthesized yet, as a novel energetic heterocyclic compound. Crystal density, condensed phase heat of formation, detonation temperature, impact sensitivity, shock sensitivity based on small-scale gap test, adiabatic exponent and heat of detonation as well as detonation pressure and velocity that are important properties for explosive users are investigated. It is shown that sensitivity of BDTT as a high performance explosive is less than HMX and RDX. Moreover, high oxygen content of BDTT can introduce it as suitable oxidizer to use in solid propellants.

Abstract:Investigation of materials and processing technology of powder liners have become a focus in the field of international impact engineering. The effects of metal materials such as W,Co,Ni,Bi,Ta,etc on the density,molding,energy,and penetration performance of Cu powder liners were emphatically discussed. The jet quality and microstructure of powder liners fabricated by difference technology with same materials were compared. Finally,the developmental trend and application prospects were put forward. It indicates that the manufacture and application energetic powder liners are the leading trend.

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